Evaluation Of The Performance Of A Small Business...

SIGNMENT SUBMISSION FORM This sheet must be submitted with your assignment. Failure to complete, sign and submit this form will result in a mark of ‘0’ for the assignment. Student Name ELENA UTA Student ID P1030912 Assessor Name SHABNAM S. Qualification PEARSON BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma Business (Management) Unit Number Unit Title Unit 33: Marketing Principle (MP) Assignment Title Assessment of the Performance of a Small Business Enterprise Date of Submission 30.10.2016 By submitting this form and signing below, I declare that: †¢ I am the author of this assignment and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully disclosed and acknowledged in this assignment †¢ I also certify that this assignment was prepared by me specifically for this course †¢ I certify that I have taken all reasonable precautions to make sure that my work has not been copied by other students †¢ I confirm that I have understood the College’s regulations on plagiarism †¢ I confirm that research resources are fully acknowledged †¢ Signature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ELENA UTA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date: †¦30.10.2016†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction Marketing is the social process by which individuals and organisation obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging value with others. (Kotler Armstrong, 2010). The marketing process of accompany typically involves identifying the viable and potential marketing opportunities in the environment, developing strategies to effective utilise theShow MoreRelatedBalanced Scorecard Systems for Small and Medium Enterprises796 Words   |  3 Pagesan organization’s business strategy and performance system. In SMEs the role of performance management becomes more essential because the workforce is now operating at an optimum level. In small and medium enterprises (SMEs) the employees are less in number than in larger organizations. Without a proper structured performance measurement and appraisal system, direction, expectations and their roles cannot be effectively communicated to them. Workforce is critical to any business – but how does theRead Mor eEffects Of Cash Management1482 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions and financing decisions as independent variables were used to measure financial performance in place of the dependent variable. The researchers were used self-administered questionnaire with quantities, and sample size of 100. The study presented that measured individually; there is a positive relationship between working capital management; investment decisions; financial decisions and financial performance. Also, the study indicated that the collective effect of financial management practicesRead MoreVitality Health Enterprises Inc Essay examples1464 Words   |  6 PagesHAROLD PUPKEWITZ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Performance Management at Vitality Health Enterprises, Inc Case Report By Leonardo Imerne Strategic Human Resources Management (SHM910M) Date: 21 June 2014 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report will focus on the performance management at Vitality Health Enterprises, Inc, which is a cosmetics and beauty products oriented business. The business started off well with a fast expansion approach. As the company grows, performance management of its staff was necessaryRead MoreCriteria For The Labelling Of Smes1185 Words   |  5 Pagesnumber of employees in the business and there are countries which perceived SMEs based on mixed criteria. In addition, global organization entities such as European Commission and World Bank also have their own views on how to identify SMEs. The European Commission states that â€Å"the criterion of the number of staff as the main criterion, however, introducing a financial criterion is nonetheless a necessary adjunct in order to grasp the real scale and performance of an enterprise and its position comparedRead MoreAnalysis Of Social Responsibility Report And Annual Report Of The Company953 Words   |  4 Pagescompany’s social obligation and its economic performance. The article will first define the corporate social responsibility. Secondly, it will introduce the previous research and their conclusions. Then it will analyze the case of Lenovo. Finally, it will summarize the research results and give suggestions for enterprises about their social responsibility. 2. Literature review 2.1 Previous research about the revelance between CSR and economic performance The research conclusion of the relevance betweenRead MoreStrategic And Operational Plans For New Technologies Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagessought after for my experience and skill in being able to fuel an agency’s desire to change and adopt a culture that thrives on innovation and I have been successful, by authoring the strategic and operational plans, necessary to move the agency business goals forward. I have been implementing the corresponding governance oversight to ensure that the plans result in the successful adoption of new technologies. Over 20 years of experience in providing expert, high-level technical advice and counselRead MoreA Critical Evaluation And Analysis Of Two Small And Medium Enterprises1516 Words   |  7 Pagesoverview about SMEs. A critical evaluation and analysis of two small and medium enterprises, Icosium and NotontheHighStreet.com will be presented in this report and also will include the following steps: the business concept and sources of competitive advantage, the current demand and the competitive environment, the growth and development of the business to date, the challenges of managing and running the business, an estimate of the current valuation of the business, the SMEs current growth and developmentRead MoreThe Impact Of Accounting And Information Technology1704 Words   |  7 Pagesaccounting theory is based on financial accounting practices used in the formation of a series of methods of the theory, mainly the development and implementation of accounting practice norms, is to guide and constrain accounting standards, the basis for evaluation of accounting. The development of accounting and information technology has given an impact to the accounting objectives, accounting assumptions and accounting information technology. Accounting objective refers to certain social conditions, theRead MoreAn Evaluation of Groupware Implementation: Delivering Value or Trouble to the Organization1221 Words   |  5 Pagesversus delivering significant value, the business process and human factors need to first factored into any planning effort overall. It is the intention of this analysis to evaluate how technologies can be used to support business processes, objectives and also enable greater change management potential for success. Groupware As A Platform For Strategic Change The rapid advances in database technologies and their ability to integrate across enterprises, creating a single system of record thatRead MoreA Cloud Supply Chain Management993 Words   |  4 Pages A Cloud Supply Chain Management approach to Small Business Small businesses are entering into a new era where older value systems and relationships are changing into digital ecosystems with emerging complex relationships. In the book, Being Digital, Nicholas Negroponte--the Director of MIT s Media Lab--introduces a simple and powerful model for describing and predicting the effects of digital technology on information exchange; he suggests that we re moving from a time where information

Case Study Supply Chain Management - 1028 Words

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN RETIAL INDUSTRY: CONCEPTS, STRATEGIES AND WALMART CASE STUDY Mian Wang CID: 01090728 Imperial College Business School, MSc Management ABSTRACT With the rapid increase of operation cost and fast development of E-commence in today’s retail industry, traditional operation management models are antiquated. Companies attempt to enhance competitive capacity through management innovation, and an increasing amount of attention is paid to their supply chain management for the purpose of cost reduction, risk minimization and better customer satisfaction. Modern techniques like vendor partnership, operational innovations and information technology are adopted by retailers in order to manage their supply chain properly. This paper aims at studying the characteristics of retail supply chain network and analyzing theories and techniques used in upstream, central operation and downstream of supply chain, using the methodology of literature analysis and case study. In the case study, this paper analyzes Walmart’s supply chain management practice, identifies potential problems and offers suggestion. Keywords: supply chain, retail industry, modern techniques, Walmart case study Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Retail industry is an important economic sector, which plays a significant role in expanding domestic demand, promoting employment, stimulating economic growth and increasing overall social welfare. With the progress of the industry, competitions amongShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Management : Case Study869 Words   |  4 PagesMicroeconomics 25 March 2015 Supply Chain Management Tom Greening once said, All management begins with planning† (Tom Greening). Those who study and research supply chain management will agree that the aforementioned quote holds true in their field. Companies looking to reduce their costs and better their customer service often look to implement supply chain management. In order to effectively execute successful supply chain management one must acknowledge the importance of demand management, communicationRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1182 Words   |  5 PagesSupply chain management is currently an important aspect in Management Information System. So much technology and brainpower have been used to improve the performance. In this decade electronic data interchange has made the process flexible, automatic warehousing and rapid logistics. Every organizations are trying to make their supply chain management more accurate using quick response, efficient customer response, mass customization, lean and agile manufa cturing. (Fisher, 1997) Value and rate ofRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1925 Words   |  8 Pagesimportant role in the Supply Chain Management sector of business, and majority of the companies involved in Supply Chain Management have adopted new and improve technologies to gain a competitive edge, and become leaders within their industry. Supply Chain Management has become one of the leading industries in business. Companies recognized that in order to get their products to retailers and consumers on a timely manner they have to implement successful Supply Chain Management strategies. CompaniesRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management3682 Words   |  15 Pages Strategic Supply Chain Management Mini Project Report Study of Supply Chain Management in Jewellery Industry of India Submitted by: Bhawana Saraf (2014PGP104) Prakhar Nagori (2014PGP121) Raghav Bhatnagar (2014PGP124) Vinay Jain (2014PGP142) Yashvardhan Kabra (2014PGP143) Title: A study of contemporary trends in supply chain management in Jewellery industry in India. Introduction: Jewellery Market of India India s gems and jewellery industry had a market size of Rs 251,000 crore (US$ 40Read MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management3763 Words   |  16 PagesAND SUPPLY CHAIN TERM PAPER: DELL– SUPPLY CHAIN STUDY SRUJANA SACHIDANANDA KHOT RedID: 818471037 DATE: 4/27/2015 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Dell is well known for its uniqueness and the innovativeness in its supply chain. They were the pioneers for selling the PC at the cheaper rates. They ranked 2nd in the computer distributors. The benchmark of their successful company was because of their unique Supply Chain Management which used the ‘Built – to – order’ and ‘Direct Sale Strategies’. Supply chainRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1151 Words   |  5 Pages Supply chain management The three major phases of the production network, acquisition, generation and circulation, have been overseen freely, cushioned by extensive inventories. Expanding focused weights, and business globalization are constraining firms to create supply chains that can rapidly react to client needs. To stay focused, these organizations must decrease working expenses while persistently enhancing client administration. With late advances in correspondences and data innovation, andRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1344 Words   |  6 PagesTo succeed in today’s competitive markets companies must learn to align their supply chains with the demand of the markets they serve. Supply chain performance is now a distinct competitive advantage for companies who excel in this area. Supply Chain Management(SCM) is defined as a set of approached utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities to the right locations and at the time in orderRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1040 Words   |  5 PagesSupply Chain Management covers a broad spectrum of jobs and responsibilities. It deals with the production, transportation, and distributions of goods. (National Career Service) The purpose of a supply chain manager is to make sure that these processes are done and documented correctly in an efficient manner. (Rutgers) An interview with a Distribution Manager at Kelloggs provided some insight on how their company does things. They have everything well organized in a way to streamline production processesRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management943 Words   |  4 PagesWhen supply chain managers are brought together it is the common goal to focus on the process of getting the consumers product though the forward supply chain as quick and efficiently as possible. However, there is a need to focus on the scope of the returns process too. â€Å"Companies can no longer afford to treat reverse logistics management as an afterthought. It needs to be a core capability within the supply chain organization. For years, most shippers paid little attention to returns† (DowlatshahiRead MoreCase Study : Supply Chain Management1004 Words   |  5 PagesDiary Flat Highway, Albany, Auckland – 0632. Assignment – 2 Supply chain optimisation Introduction A supply chain management may be defined as the process involving all the activities like planning, organising, implementing and controlling the cost effective flow of goods from the point of origin to the point of consumption. This involves various other activities which is required to add value to the product along the supply chain like procurement, sourcing and conversion of the products. There

New Belgium Brewing Companys Environmental and Social Responsibilities

Question: Discuss about theNew Belgium Brewing Companys Environmental and Social Responsibilities. Answer: Introduction As in the case study, New Belgium Breweries is corporate citizen that is very sensitive to wellbeing of fellow citizens living around it and consumers of their products. The company seems to have done research and well understood hazards of environmental pollution. That is why they apply modern environmental friendly methods in production of beer. A friendly environment enhances good social relations among co-worker and customers. NBB has been successful within a short period because they have been able to adopt good governance that respects and involves opinions of both the management and workers. Views and suggestions of customers are taken into consideration the process of decision making too. Collaboration of the company with other craft brewers has greatly influenced its efficiency in producing quality beers. An example is a beer that was brewed in collaboration Anaheim and Marash Chilies (Fernando, 2009). Quality has made NBB the talk in local drinking joints in and outside Col orado. The biggest advertisement platform of this companys products is through its customers word of mouth. Belgium brewing company works to address various environmental issues due to its environmental issues. Recycling used materials and creative strategies of reuse. The company involves itself in recycling of materials such as amber glass that that makes bottles, cardboard boxes, office materials and keg caps. Recycling involves the use of old used materials into new products. Though recycling has got its own effects, it advantages outweighs those few effects. Extraction and processing of raw materials is minimised hence reducing emission of harmful gases, water pollution air pollution, energy consumption and excessive waste disposal. it has improved creation of jobs such as green jobs where beneficiaries are able to sustain their families and standardise their lifestyle. Reduction in extraction of raw materials conserves them for future consumption. NBB as responsible corporate citizen minds for the future of its country and generations to come (Adisa Azapagic, 2007). Minimising energy consumption helps in cutting the manufacturing costs. Nowadays industries are the main causes of pollution.; industries like NBB that prefer recycling products instead of throwing them away saves the society from a bunch of health hazard. This is a way of environmental conservation too. The brewery also believes in the spirit of helping people around its environments. Instead of throwing away or burning used barley rejects that are of no use to the company anymore, they store it in the companys on-premise silos. Pig farmers within the environs of NBB are later invited to collect the remains for feeding pigs. Three Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) of environmental stewardship are highly embraced at NBB breweries. Employees of the company are encouraged to use alternative transportation methods to curb the use of fossil fuel. Fossil fuel burn emits CFCs and CO2 which increase global warming. Alleviation of global warming and ill effects that comes with it creates an eco-friendly environment. Using 3.5 gallons of water to make a gallon of beer is a big step to conserving water. NBB wants to make sure that water usage is minimised to save it for fellow citizens and for future use (Asongu, 2007). They have developed tactics to clean and treat used water for reuse. NBB recycles 99.9 percent of its waste water. This is a strong stance towards sustainability that the breweries. Sustainability refers to act of remaining relevant and productive indefinitely (Jeucken, 2004). Use of recycled materials cuts the cost of production therefore increasing profitability of the brewery. High profits portray good governance of a company and the spirit of going concern. Automatically the company has the potential to sustain its productivity in the long run. NBB aims to grow bigger and capture more in the states and outside states. New Belgiums focus on social responsibility provides a key competitive advantage for the company. With the rampant growth of technology people have come to appreciate and embrace social relations among themselves. Emerging and fast growth of social sites such as Face book and twitter provides a clear proof to this argument. Actually the world has become such a small village. This means with no doubts people would welcome any institution that promotes social relations. Adopting corporate social responsibility develops a better image of the organisation to its customers hence strengthening its performance. CRS associated activities are being used by various companies for their corporate branding. CRS as a tool of management has motivated several companies towards responsible competition. The idea of involving people has helped the company convince many customers who have come to love their products. NBB beer is the best selling in Colorado today than any other brand from even bigger co mpanies (Peter Newman, 2008). The more they get involved in social responsibilities the more popular the company and its products become popular. Though some people in the society think that companies in the line of business the same as new Belgiums cannot fulfil their social responsibility, NBB has acted contrary to that believe. Its actions and initiatives are key indications of a socially responsible corporation. All activities conducted by NBB are advantageous both to the society and the corporation. They have improved livelihood of farmers around by helping them feed their animals which supplement their food and used for commercial purposes (Idowu Nicholas Capaldi, 2015). Organising of social effects has helped people come together helping them build economical and social bonds. These events make it easier for the company to sell itself to the people. NBB respects transparency and ethical issues in promoting health and welfare of the society. This is reflected in their brand statement displayed in every six pack of New Belgium beers. In this box is our labor of love. We feel incredibly lucky to be creating something fine that enhances peoples lives References Adisa Azapagic, A. E. I. H., 2007. Polymers: The Environment and Sustainable Development. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons,. Asongu, J. J., 2007. Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility in Practice. Chicago: Greenview Publishing Co.. Center, G. E. C. R., 2009. Global Economic Crisis: Impact on Business Ethics and Society. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. Fernando, A. C., 2009. Corporate Ethics, Governance, And Social Responsibility: Precepts And Practices. New York: Pearson Education India,. Tyler Miller, S. S., 2008. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. Boston, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning. Idowu, S. O. Nicholas Capaldi, 2015. Dictionary of Corporate Social Responsibility: CSR, Sustainability, Ethics and Governance. Berlin: Springer. Jeucken, M., 2004. Sustainability in Finance: Banking on the Planet. Delft, Netherlands: Eburon Uitgeverij B.V. Peter Newman, J. K., 2008. Sustainability and Cities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Rendtorff, J. D., 2009. Responsibility, Ethics and Legitimacy of Corporations. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press DK. Vzquez, E., 2012. Progress of Recycling in the Built Environment: Final report of the RILEM Technical Committee. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science Business Media.

Worlds Strictest Parents Video Analysis free essay sample

The next shot is a two shot, and wows two of the parents explaining their reasons for being so strict. The clip switches between a shot Of children working under parental supervision, the fast pace music gives a sense of panic making it seem as if the children have little time to finish their job. Worlds strictest parent sets up the binary opposition of Parents vs.. Child. It uses the genre conventions of a family home. The next clip then has a sound bridge of a parent talking between children working and a close up on a parents face as he speaks.After this, there is a shot showing a boy washing his dads hands, while a sound bridge hen brings us to a close up of the boy as he explains his fear of his dad. These clips raise the viewers expectations of childrens behavior; this is done to shock the audience even more as the shot changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Worlds Strictest Parents: Video Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The music changes to a heavy metal song, and the shot changes to a young boy charging at the camera. This shows the change in childrens behavior and how rebellious these children are. The clip then changes between shots of the children drinking, smoking, being untidy, being violent and being disrespectful. All these things are stereotypically seen as problems with young people. There is then a close up of a girl explaining that she doesnt care about other peoples opinions, and suddenly the music changes back to classical and the shot turns to families saying goodbye to the rebellious teenagers. However, this doesnt last long as the fast tempo rock music comes back. The music gives a sense of warning as if to show that there are problems coming, the clip then goes between shots of the teenagers arguing with the strict parents. The arguments then get worse and worse as if building up tension, and then the opening sequence is shown. Worlds Strictest Parents Video Analysis free essay sample The clip starts with a narration explaining the contents of the show. The clip then changes from shots of different families. The families are all dressed smart, with DOD posture showing that they are well behaved. However, the parents are standing separately to the children which may show how the parents strict attitude may affect their relationship badly. The music Is fast, however the classical Instruments used makes It seem as though the parents being so strict Is traditional but not modern. E next shot is a two shot, and shows two of the parents explaining their reasons for being so strict. The clip switches between a shot of children working under parental supervision, the fast pace music gives a sense of panic making It seem as If the children have little time to finish their Job. Worlds strictest parent sets up the binary opposition of Parents vs.. Child. It uses the genre conventions of a family home. Hashing his dads hands, while a sound bridge then brings us to a close up of the boy as he explains his fear of his dad. These clips raise the viewers expectations of childrens behavior; this is done to shock the audience even more as the shot changes. The music changes to a heavy metal song, and the shot changes to a young boy charging at the camera. This shows the change in childrens behavior and how rebellious these children are. The clip then changes between shots of the children drinking, smoking, being untidy, being violent and being disrespectful.All these wings are stereotypically seen as problems with young people. There is then a close up of a girl explaining that she doesnt care about other peoples opinions, and suddenly the music changes back to classical and the shot turns to families saying dobby to the rebellious teenagers. However, this doesnt last long as the fast tempo rock music comes back. The music gives a sense of warning as if to show that there are problems coming, the clip then goes between shots of the teenagers arguing with the strict parents. The arguments then get worse and worse as if building up tension, and then the opening sequence is shown.

Irish Immigrants essays

Irish Immigrants essays The Irish first arrived in Canada nearly 400 years ago, and to this day they have almost been fully integrated into our Canadian society. Years ago, they tended to move to large American cities, however they also moved to Canada and spread into the Canadian countryside. They have made a significant influence on the history of this country and they have very much became a part of the Canadian identity today. The Irish first came to Canada due to dire economic conditions in their homelands, and due to the lack of jobs. Some also came because of poverty, and others because the British wanted to get ride of Irish troublemakers who rebelled against the British rule in Ireland. The first Irishman settled in Canada near Newfoundland in 1622. Later that century, the Irish began to settle in Newfoundland in larger numbers. Most of them came on English fishing vessels, however they planned on returning in a few years. Most stayed and established Canada as they new home. By the 1830s, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Upper and Lower Canada contained significant Irish populations. Though the Atlantic Provinces have strong links to Ireland, the strongest Irish-Canadian connections are in Quebec, where 40 per cent of the population are of Irish ancestry. Canadas port of entry was Quebec City and many immigrants settled in the area. They were able to bridge the cu ltural gaps between the French majority, whose religion they shared, and the English minority, whose language they spoke. The Great Famine struck Ireland in the 1840s and this drove approximately two million people out of Ireland, hundreds of thousands of them to British North America. However most of the Irish preferred America, and thousands left by the 1860s. Most of Canadas Irish communities were established before the famine. Unfortunately most of the Irish who came during the famine did not survive because thou ...

Audience is Everything

Audience is Everything Audience is Everything Audience is Everything By Sharon Just as real estate revolves around the old adage, Location! Location! Location!, students, teachers, authors and any writer worth his or her salt lives by a motto as well. Quite simply, audience is everything. Audience dictates all of the elements that go into a successful piece of writing. For instance, one would generally write very differently when addressing a teacher or employer in a formal piece of writing than one would when informally addressing a friend, family member or classmate. For example, after missing a day of work, if you left a message for your boss, it might read: Dear Mr. Smith, I’m very sorry that I was absent from work yesterday, but I fell ill on Tuesday evening and felt it necessary to visit my doctor in an effort to make it back to the office today. In contrast, when writing a note to a friend or co-worker about the same situation, you might say: Carla, Sorry I missed ya yesterday. I got really sick the other night and had to go to the doctor. I’d hate to miss another day of work. The audience that will read your writing dictates the words you choose, the formality of your work and the tone of your writing â€Å"voice.† Writing that requires formality generally sounds proper and practiced while informal writing often comes across as conversational. Always keep in mind the appropriateness of your writing and the way your writing voice might sound to an objective reader when you put words to paper. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, WhetherThe Six Spellings of "Long E"7 Proofreading Steps

The Causes and Effects of Water Pollution in Lake Huron Essay

The Causes and Effects of Water Pollution in Lake Huron - Essay Example Lake Huron suffers from a number of water pollutants that have greatly affected its flora and fauna as well as the freshness of its water. The lake endures point source pollution from industrial wastes and non-point pollution from fertilizer and pesticide runoff from surrounding farms. These pollutants result in adverse effects that contaminate soils, reduce the quality of its water and damage its ecosystem. The damage from pollution in this lake has harmful repercussions on the wildlife, fishes and human beings that depend on water from this lake. Point-source pollution This refers to the direct source of contamination in Lake Huron. This is often done when pipes or vessels direct their toxic wastes directly into the lake. Initially, paper and pulp industries located around the lake believed that water could dissolve anything and, thus, neutralize the toxicity of their wastes (Shear, 2006). This resulted in the companies dumping most of their wastes such as mercury into the lake. Ot her industries dump their wastes that contain harmful chemicals, heavy metals, organic toxins and oil by products into Lake Huron. In the recent past, fecal matter has been observed in the lake. This means that sewerage companies are directing wastes into the lake as well. This has resulted in the increase of harmful and disease causing bacteria in the lake. At the same time, the sewerage and other inorganic and organic wastes disposed off in the lake have resulted in a decline in the quality of Lake Huron’s water. Non-point source pollution This is pollution that does not come from a specific location. The most prevalent non-point source of pollution in Lake Huron is pesticide and fertilizer runoff. There are a number of farms surrounding Lake Huron. These farms depend on the lake for water that is vital for irrigation of the vast horticultural farms due to its constant and never-ending supply. These farms make use of a number of fertilizers and pesticides that are used to e nhance crop growth. However, the chemicals used in making these fertilizers and pesticides are often washed down from the crops by rain or irrigation water. These chemicals find their way into the lake through rivers and stream that empty their waters in the lake (Shear, 2006). This often results in the influx of harmful chemicals that greatly affects the lake’s ecosystem as evidenced by the large number of sea birds that are found dead along the lake’s shoreline. The fishes caught from this lake also have a lot of harmful chemicals in them. Residential waste Household waste has become one of the greatest Lake Huron pollutants. Residential wastes that contain organic or inorganic waste and detergents are major contributors to the lake’s water pollution. Organic waste is one which can be decomposed by bacteria such as fruit and vegetable remains. Inorganic waste includes wastes such as leather, plastic, paper, glass, fabric, metals and wood among other wastes whi ch do not decompose. These wastes cannot be broken down through the help of bacteria and is often referred to as non-biodegradable (Shear, 2006). Detergents are also not broken down easily by bacteria. This means that they remain active for prolonged periods after getting into the fresh water lake. This leaves the water polluted and results in the poising of aquatic organisms such as fish, birds and plants that reside in Lake Huron. Human and animal wastes

Critically Discuss and Investigate on Entrepreneurship in Singapore Essay

Critically Discuss and Investigate on Entrepreneurship in Singapore - Essay Example Early-stage entrepreneurial propensity includes the â€Å"nascent† participation rate and the â€Å"new firm† participation rate in Singapore. However, entrepreneurial activity has been slow to develop in Singapore and those that have emerged as successful entrepreneurs are the most likely to emigrate (Oxford, 2006). This is because of the challenges that the entrepreneurs face in Singapore. The start-ups and the SMEs did not have access to capital even though the financial sector was liberalized and developed (Low, 2005). Even though Singapore was ranked as the â€Å"third most globalized nation† there were no provisions to support the entrepreneurs to participate in the global market place. Over regulations stifled the innovative characteristic in the entrepreneurs and they had to comply with the high cost of fees and licenses. Singapore is a developed nation according to the socio-economic indicators (Table I) except for its sustainability in science and technology (Low, 2005). Singapore is an open economy and its growth is dependent on direct foreign investment and trade. The island nation has a well educated and skilled labour force but lacks in other resources. The government in Singapore recognizes that the nation lacks in entrepreneurial culture and hence fostered an entrepreneurial environment in its master plan – named ‘SME21’ to meet the challenges of the 21st century (Bhasin, 2007). This is meant to stimulate the high-tech SMEs from their earlier focus on MNCs (multi-national corporations) and larger corporations. Earlier, the government had also launched the Technopreneurship 21 (T21) program to encourage entrepreneurs in the field of technology and innovation. In March 2000, the government also set up a $10 million fund called The Enterprise Challenge to sponsor innovative proposals and encourage creativity. The government also set up agencies to support the entrepreneurs. Notable among

Time you were shamed Essay Example for Free

Time you were shamed Essay Ive had great embarrassing moments in my life. Most occurred during my childhood days. One of these happened when I was 8. I got my   most humiliating spanking which I will never forget in my entire life.   Studying should be at the top of every students priority. During this age I need to do some homework everyday.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My parents used to monitor my studies and pay lots of attention to my school work and the grades on my report card. I was a very lazy kid and forgot to do my homework most of the time. My teacher once caught having no homework. She then decided to report it to my parents. We have a school handbook wherein every important school reminder should be written. My teacher wrote a letter to my parents that they were supposed to read and to sign. I really wanted to avoid any punishment from my parents and so I confidently signed the letter by forging their signature. It was a very bad idea since a childs handwriting is far different from an adults . The next day it was time for my teacher to see if my parents were already aware of my misbehavior and told me that she wanted to talk to them after the class. I can never forget the day after that. It was Saturday which meant no class and so I have to face the truth since my parents already knew what I did. Two birds in one stone. First is by not doing homework and next is by copying their handwriting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As I woke up I went to the bathroom downstairs but my father saw me already and told me that I should be punished. He grabbed my arms and took me to the kitchen. I was about to pee in my pants and to my surprise, dad pulled down my pajamas and slid it together with my underwear to my ankles. I was standing naked and what I didnt notice was that my mom and my teacher on the subject which I failed to do homework were standing right in front of me. They both saw everything and were both staring at my genitals and laughing. It was very embarrassing and I was really ashamed of my lazy deed.

Adolescent Behavior Essay -- Music, Media

Introduction This chapter will review the factors that affect suicidal tendencies amongst adolescents as well as the role music plays in adolescent behavior. As there is a dearth of documentation on the emo culture, this review relied on articles and researches done in the United States and Australia. Music and the Adolescent According to Roe â€Å"music plays an important social role† in the development of adolescents (Roe K, 2000). Music acts as a buffer for adolescents; substituting as a means of distraction as well as entertainment. Roberts and Christenson (2001) assert that adolescent also use music as a way to take control of their moods and emotions. They maintain that music is also used as a means in the formation of their identities; this allows them achieve group identity and integration into subcultures. However, while Took and Weiss (1994) also agree that music is used as the means to join a social group, they ascertain that music is only used as a form to reflect the level of turmoil adolescents are feeling at that stage in their lives. Many researchers have conducted studies on popular music and its effects on school work, social interaction, mood and affect, with particular emphasis on behavior. They have developed numerous theories which explain the link between music and behavior and Wass et al (1991) has made indications that heavy metal music has links to homicides, suicides and satanic practices. Public criticism was wildly sounded when Gaines (1991) implied that there was a link between heavy metal and teen suicide pacts. The American Academy of Pediatrics (1996) has stated that the effect that popular music has on children and adolescents is of paramount importance and is a cause for concern. Brook... ...be assigned to each choice of response with 1 being assigned to â€Å"not at all† and 5 being assigned to â€Å"completely†. Data Analysis After the data has been collected, analysis of data will be done using Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS) software. Charts and graphs will be used to illustrate the results of the questionnaires allowing the researcher to create a comprehensible analysis of the findings. The questionnaire will be analyzed by the five factors outlined earlier and not by each individual question. However, some questions, which the researcher finds as being significant to the research, will be analyzed individually. A pre test will be done on five participants to ensure that the questionnaire did not have errors and that the questions are clearly understood by the respondents. This will aid in determining the validity of the questionnaire.

Quote of the mind Essay

Some people think that the mind is the brain or some other part or function of the body, but this is incorrect. The brain is a physical object that can be seen with the eyes and that can be photographed or operated on in surgery. The mind, on the other hand, is not a physical object. It cannot be seen with the eyes, nor can it be photographed or repaired by surgery. The brain, therefore, is not the mind but simply part of the body. There is nothing within the body that can be identified as being our mind because our body and mind are different entities. For example, sometimes when our body is relaxed and immobile, our mind can be very busy, darting from one object to another. This indicates that our body and mind are not the same entity. In Buddhist scriptures, our body is compared to a guest house and our mind to a guest dwelling within it. When we die, our mind leaves our body and goes to the next life, just like a guest leaving a guest house and going somewhere else. If the mind is not the brain, nor any other part of the body, what is it? It is a formless continuum that functions to perceive and understand objects. Because the mind is formless, or non-physical, by nature, it is not obstructed by physical objects. It is very important to be able to distinguish disturbed states of mind from peaceful states. As explained in the previous chapter, states of mind that disturb our inner peace, such as anger, jealousy, and desirous attachment, are called ‘delusions’; and these are the principal causes of all our suffering. We may think that our suffering is caused by other people, by poor material conditions, or by society, but in reality it all comes from our own deluded states of mind. The essence of spiritual practice is to reduce and eventually to eradicate altogether our delusions, and to replace them with permanent inner peace. This is the real meaning of our human life. The essential point of understanding the mind is that liberation from  suffering cannot be found outside the mind. Permanent liberation can be found only by purifying the mind. Therefore, if we want to become free from problems and attain lasting peace and happiness we need to increase our knowledge and understanding of the mind.

Explore Shakespeares presentation of Beatrice and Benedick in the play

Much Ado about Nothing is particularly admired for the wit and intelligence of Benedick and Beatrice, the warring couple which are comically tricked into falling love. Benedick is a vain, confident bachelor who holds a very typical view of women: no lady is ever good enough for him and to increase his self-esteem, he never misses an opportunity to mock Beatrice. We can see this from their first conversation which takes place in Act 1. Benedick approaches her by saying â€Å"What my dear Lady Disdain! Are you yet living? † Through this, Benedick expresses his sarcasm towards Beatrice and his desire for her not to still be alive, mocking her existence in the conversation. Benedick is a character that represents vanity; he tells Beatrice â€Å"but it is certain I am loved of all the ladies†. The use of â€Å"certain† emphasises the confidence that he has within his character and creates an air of arrogance, as he obviously seems to believe that he is irresistible and that no lady would refuse his charm. However, he is contradicting himself – he is loved by all the ladies, yet, he claims that he will â€Å"live a bachelor† because he finds women as not being trustworthy, as he states â€Å"I will do myself the right to trust none†. Therefore, Shakespeare uses Benedick’s vain and witty personality. Despite Benedick’s air of a very confident attitude, Benedick reveals a sensitive side to him. In Act 2, at the dance, Beatrice insults him; she pretends she does not know who is behind the mask, but she takes the opportunity to make Benedick feel miserable. When left alone, he says â€Å"The prince’s fool! Hah, it may be I go under that title because I am merry† – this highlights that he is affected by what Beatrice has said about him, however, despite de insulting name calling that Beatrice has addressed to him, he finds a way to make himself feel better about the situation by saying that being â€Å"merry† is the only reason why he goes under that title. This is ironic of him to say so, because as an audience we are clearly aware that he is hurt by the words she has said and that he is making â€Å"something out of nothing† – he is trying to block his emotional side and let the vanity take over, however it’s evident he cannot stand the assumptions Beatrice has made. Through this, Shakespeare creates comedy using Benedick’s contradictions regarding his self-esteem and ego – he won’t let it show that he has been hurt by a lady, even though inside he is hurting. Penny Gay says that â€Å"Words are often less important than actions† (The Cambridge Introduction to Shakespeare’s Comedies 2008). This can be applied to Benedick’s situation – he claims that he is not hurt by what he has heard, but the simple act of just talking about it reveals his pain, constructing comedy as he is not matching his words to his actions. Benedick’s fixated ambition of always remaining a bachelor slowly dies as he hears the others talk about Beatrice’s love for him, creating comedy as his attitudes contradict. Before Don Pedro, Claudio and Leonato begin to talk about Beatrice, he says â€Å"One woman shall not come in my grace†¦rich shall she be, that’s certain: wise, or I’ll none: virtuous, or I’ll never cheapen her†. This suggests that he is ignorant towards the women and that he is pretentious when it comes to choosing one: unless the perfect woman comes in his way, he will not do himself the wrong to look or search for any. However, after he hears the men talk about how Beatrice is in love with Benedick but won’t tell, Benedick has a sudden change of heart. He says â€Å"When I said I would die a bachelor, I did not think I should live till I were married†. This is comic because his attitudes to love have changed at an unexpected speed, which normally would not happen. Also, comedy is created through the fact that he has, involuntarily admitted that somewhere, deep down he was waiting for this to happen, even though he claimed that he hated Beatrice. Benedick is not the only one that is tricked; Beatrice is deceived by Ursula, Margaret and Hero into falling in love with Benedick. She had a very hostile attitude to marriage and love, mocking Hero and Claudio’s engagement by saying â€Å"I may sit in a corner and cry â€Å"Heigh ho for a husband†, however, despite her hard attitude, her vulnerable side is shown when she finds out that Benedick loves her and says â€Å"Taming my wild heart to my loving hand†¦if thou dost love, my kindness shall incite thee†. The powerful phrase â€Å"wild heart† emphasises that she has been holding the love in her for a long time and now it is the perfect opportunity to express it towards Benedick. This is also humorous because throughout the play, she showed hatred and mockery towards Benedick but now she claims that she is in love with him too, solving the problem of hatred between the two lovers. This reflects Alexander Leggatt’s view that â€Å"A comedy, then, is a problem solving story, ending in resolution and order normally symbolised by marriage† (English Stage Comedy 1490-1990 (1998). Once they admit their love for each other, it can be foreshadowed that a marriage will take place between Beatrice and Benedick – it is a comedy element that â€Å"the beginning is troubled, the end tranquil† (Euanthius: On Drama 4th Century). Not only deceived in love, but Beatrice is a witty, sarcastic and superior character. She seems to acquire pleasure out of mocking Benedick, creating humour because she is subverting her role as a woman – they were not usually superior over men, however, Beatrice goes against the norms. Her sarcasm is portrayed in â€Å"But how many hath he killed? – for indeed I promised to eat all of his killings†: here, Beatrice is clearly stating that Benedick is a coward and that he will never be brave enough to be a good soldier. She also mentions that â€Å"he hath an excellent stomach†, mocking his appearance. When confronted by Benedick’s vanity, she claims that â€Å"I had rather hear my dog bark at a crow than a man swears he loves me†. This is humorous because she is making comparisons between animals and humans and it is unusual to say that you would prefer an animal barking over someone dedicating their love to you; it gives a sense of coldness in her personality and that she is completely closed to love. However, this is ironic because later on in the play, she falls in love with Benedick. In conclusion, most critics concur that Shakespeare's depiction of the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick far surpasses that of Hero and Claudio in depth and interest. Scholars have often emphasized the fact that Shakespeare deliberately introduces the theme of the sparring mockers Beatrice and Benedick before the theme of the pallid romantics Hero and Claudio; and further, that when all of the principal characters are on stage together, the audience is drawn not to the tame love-at-first-sight relationship that develops between Hero and Claudio, but rather to the â€Å"merry war† between Beatrice and Benedick which later on in the play converts into a love relationship – this creates comedy because the audience is taken through endless wars of insults and mockery until foolishly and involuntarily admitting their love to each other, changing the mood of the relationship through the work of other characters, instead of being lovers from the beginning.

Faulkner a Rose for Emily essays

Faulkner a Rose for Emily essays One of the themes suggested in William Faulkners short story a rose for Emily is that an extremely overbearing parent can lead to the mental and emotional breakdown in the child. There are a few scenes that demonstrate this however the two key ones are when the women show up at Emilys home to offer condolences following her fathers death and following her own death when the townsfolk look around at her home. William Faulkner suggests Emilys instable mind by presenting the story in fractured time. The story jumps from Emilys death to her middle age to younger years. An early scene following her fathers death hints at some emotional instability. For three days she refused to allow her father to be buried. She had no feelings of grief or pain. She had been so emotionally scarred by her fathers dominance that she didnt want to let go of the only thing she had. At first read this seems like a defense mechanism in dealing with the death. Upon further review and placed in context with the final scenes, it foreshadows her future skewed attempt at self-actualization. Faulkner holds our interest throughout the story by delayed fulfillment. The reader follows Emily through the eyes of the town, never knowing her inner workings. The scenes after her death finally reveal everything. The ladies discovery of Homer Barron's rotting remains in the bed is the one time Faulkner shows Emilys mental problems clearly manifested. The murder was Emilys attempt at being dominant like her father was with her. Homer was not the marrying type of man so Emily killed him and forced a wedding upon him to spite her father. Evidence that suggests this is the woman discovering the room furnished for a bridal. Also the removed collar and tie suggest the honeymoon that followed. Emily seemed to go insane with her desire to spite her father by doing things that were extremely unethical. The last line sugge...

Archaea Domain - Extreme Microscopic Organisms

Archaea Domain - Extreme Microscopic Organisms What Are Archaea? Archaea are a group of microscopic organisms that were discovered in the early 1970s. Like bacteria, they are single-celled prokaryotes. Archaeans were originally thought to be bacteria until DNA analysis showed that they are different organisms. In fact, they are so different that the discovery prompted scientists to come up with a new system for classifying life.  There is still much about archaeans that is not known. What we do know is that many are extreme organisms that live and thrive under some of the most extreme conditions, such as extremely hot, acidic, or alkaline environments. Key Takeaways Originally thought to be bacteria, Archaea are a separate group of microscopic organisms discovered in the 1970s. Archaeans are single-celled prokaryotes.Archaeans are extreme organisms. They can survive and even thrive under some of the most difficult conditions on planet Earth like very hot, extremely acidic, or very alkaline environments.Similar to bacteria, Archaeans have a number of different shapes. Cocci (round), bacilli (rod-shaped), and irregular are some examples.Archaeans possess the typical prokaryotic cell anatomy that includes plasmid DNA, a cell wall, a cell membrane, a cytoplasmic area, and ribosomes. Some archaeans can also have flagella. Archaea Cells Archaeans are extremely small microbes that must be viewed under an electron microscope to identify their characteristics. Like bacteria, they come in a variety of shapes including cocci (round), bacilli (rod-shaped), and irregular shapes. Archaeans have a typical prokaryotic cell anatomy:  plasmid DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Some archaeans also have long, whip-like protrusions called flagella, which aid in movement. Archaea Domain Organisms are now classified into three domains and six kingdoms. The domains include Eukaryota, Eubacteria, and Archaea. Under the archaea domain, there are three main divisions or phyla. They are: Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and Korarchaeota. Crenarchaeota Crenarchaeota consist mostly of hyperthermophiles and thermoacidophiles. Hyperthermophilic microorganisms live in extremely hot or cold environments. Thermoacidophiles are microscopic organisms that live in extremely hot and acidic environments. Their habitats have a pH between 5 and 1. You would find these organisms in hydrothermal vents and hot springs. Crenarchaeota Species Examples of Crenarchaeotans include: Sulfolobus acidocaldarius - found near volcanic environments in hot, acidic springs containing sulfur.Pyrolobus fumarii - live in temperatures between 90 and 113 degrees Celsius. Euryarchaeota Euryarchaeota organisms consist mostly of extreme halophiles and methanogens. Extreme halophilic organisms live in salty habitats. They need salty environments to survive. You would find these organisms in salt lakes or areas where sea water has evaporated.Methanogens require oxygen free (anaerobic) conditions in order to survive. They produce methane gas as a byproduct of metabolism. You would find these organisms in environments such as swamps, wetlands, ice lakes, the guts of animals (cow, deer, humans), and in sewage. Euryarchaeota Species Examples of Euryarchaeotans include: Halobacterium - include several species of halophilic organisms that are found in salt lakes and high saline ocean environments.Methanococcus - Methanococcus jannaschii was the first genetically sequenced Archaean. This methanogen lives near hydrothermal vents.Methanococcoides burtonii - these psychrophilic (cold-loving) methanogens were discovered in Antarctica and can survive extremely cold temperatures. Korarchaeota Korarchaeota organisms are thought to be very primitive life forms. Little is currently known about the major characteristics of these organisms. We do know that they are thermophilic and have been found in hot springs and obsidian pools. Archaea Phylogeny Archaea are interesting organisms in that they have genes that are similar to both bacteria and eukaryotes.  Phylogenetically speaking, archaea and bacteria are thought to have developed separately from a common ancestor.  Eukaryotes are believed to have branched off from archaeans millions of years later. This suggests that archaeans are more closely related to eukayotes than bacteria. Interesting Archaeans Facts While Archaeans are very similar to bacteria, they are also much different. Unlike some types of bacteria, archaeans can not perform photosynthesis. Similarly, they cannot produce spores. Archaeans are extremophiles. They can live in places where most other life forms cannot. They can be found in extremely high temperature environments as well as extremely low temperature environments. Archaeans are a natural part of human microbiota. At present, pathogenic archaeans have not been identified. Scientists assume that they do not exist.

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN - Assignment Example All these factors are combined together while developing a strong brand image in the industry. Purina Pet Care is a brand of Nestle that offers quality food for dogs and cats. The company designs all its advertisement campaigns in a manner that outlines its products to be of superior class for all pets. Purina Pet Care desires to establish a strong brand image so as to ensure that it is number one choice of all pet owners. Their target market is growing and young families who are inclined towards having more than one pet. In all Purina Pet Care’s advertisements main focus is pets and their owners. One of their recent campaigns had a tagline â€Å"a dog food you can rely on†. This statement clearly states that Purina Pet Care considers them to deliver superior quality dog food in America. A new advertisement campaign can be designed by the company in order to highlight additional features which cannot be easily imitated by competitors. The main objective of this campaign is to state their image of a top brand and outline quality ingredients which safeguard health of pets. The brand Purina Pet Care is part of a famous global brand known as Nestle. Every year the company invests lump sum amount in advertising activities so as to create long term impact on target audience. This campaign would be mainly for newspapers since it is appropriate media to communicate brand message to target segment. A budget of $10M can be allocated for this campaign encompassing ad designing, broadcasting, etc. The frequency rate of this new campaign also would be increased. This shall be done to ensure that advertisement campaign triggers in consumer mind. It is often observed that external information obtained through word of mouth or advertisement campaign plays a vital role while making final purchase decision. In intense competitive market place Purina Pet Care can sustain its brand position through designing innovative advertisement campaigns and broadcasting it a

Causes of Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes of Immigration - Essay Example Let us discuss both of these factors in some detail. The economic factor is the most considerable factor for many people who migrate or want to migrate to the developed countries. Better job opportunities, wage differences, better standard of living, and growth opportunities are some of those economic factors, which motivate a large number of people to migrate to the developed countries. Some other economic factors, which make migrate, include overpopulation, lack of jobs, and the high cost of living in their home countries. On the other hand, there also exist many economic pull factors, which make developed countries allow immigration. Some of such factors include cost-effectiveness of the immigrant labor, less number of native workers, and economic expansion. Today, people seek better employment opportunities to excel in life. If they do not find such opportunities in their home countries, they move forward to such countries where they can easily find such opportunities. The economic benefits of immigration attract many people towards developed countries. The average income of a person is generally very low in a developing country due to poor economic conditions of that country. A person finds it very difficult to fulfill all requirements of life with such level of income and plans to move to a developed country to earn more money. Second most important factor, which makes people migrate to other countries, is the presence of social networks and connections in the developed countries. Today, many people have their relatives living and working in different countries. When people see the standard of living of their relatives living in other countries, they also want to have such living standards. Therefore, they try to migrate to those countries where someone is already there to assist them in getting suitable job and housing facility.

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY - Assignment Example From both excel, and the formulae, the mean is 50.8, which is different from the mode and the median, which are 58 and 57, respectively. However, the figures are roughly close to each other showing that is spent over 50 minutes everyday in physical fitness activities. The numbers are lower than I expected since I work out for a whole hour every day. This means that I spend a couple of minutes in switching from one activity to another. The time I spend in switching from one activity to another and the time I spend on different physical fitness activities add up to sixty minutes per day. The most effective measure of the central tendency, as far as the mean, median, and mode is the mean. This is because of the fact that it utilizes 100 percent of all the data in the sample (Walpole, 2010). The other measures of central tendencies, including the median and mode do not utilize all the information provided. Mean helps in performing further mathematical calculations thus helping in conducting more statistical tests. For example, it helps in the calculation of standard deviation, variances, as well as, significance tests. Additionally, it has an algebraic definition (Bertsekas, 2002). The mean is applicable in the probability theory to generate probability distributions. Such distributions do not utilize other measures of central tendencies including the median and the mode. Mean as well has some weaknesses, for example, the presence of outliers in the data lowers its accuracy. Its strengths, as a measure of central tendency, outweigh its weaknesses. To draw the box plot, one utilizes the 25th percentile, the 50th percentile, and the 75th percentile. The 25th percentile is the lowest score, which is greater than 25 percent of the scores. Using excel, the 25th percentile is 41. This means that the highest figure of the first 25 percent of the data is 41. The 50th percentile is equal to the median.

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is to study the geometry of paths of lights and their imagery through optical systems. Light will be treated as a form of energy which travels in straight lines called rays. When light comes to be regarded as waves, it will be seen that shadows cast by objects are not as sharp as rectili (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson) (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010)near propagation suggests due to diffraction and interference effects of wave. Thus, there is a simple assumption for geometrical optics, which is rays of light propagate along straight lines until they get reflected, refracted, or absorbed at a surface. 2 Fermats Principle 2.1 Background Fermats Principle, also known as the principle of the shortest optical path, was introduced by Pierre de Fermat in the early seventeenth century. This principle is used to state and explain the motion of light ray through different media, which helps to demonstrate laws of reflection and refraction later on. 2.2 Theory The path of a light ray connecting two points is the one for which the time of transit, but not the length, is a minimum. The time, T , for a light ray through space to travel from a point A to another point B can be calculated as: It is known that is velocity, which can also be regarded as for light, where c is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the medium. Thus, we have Then the path taken by light should be the path that minimizes this integral, which would be: Therefore, it is the fact that light will travel along paths of stationary optical path length, where the optical path length is a local maximum or minimum with respect to any small variation in the path. And many paths will take exactly the same time to travel from point A to point B. (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010) 3. Reflection 3.1 Derivation for Law of Reflection In general, law of reflection states that when a light ray incident upon a reflective surface, it will be reflected with an reflective angle that exactly equal to the incident angle with respect to the normal of the surface. Law of reflection can be dervied from Fermats Principle. Assume that the medium of the light travel is homogeneous, we haveC:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .png Total path length S from A to B is Based on Fermats Principle we know that light would travel the path with minimum time. As in homogeneous medium, light travels with a constant speed and therefore the minimum time path is equilvant to the minimum distance path, which can be obtained by taking the first derivative of S with respect to x. which is sinà £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = sin à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC Thus shows that à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection NB: It has to be reminded that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 3.2 Specular and Diffuse Reflection In details, there are two types of reflection Specular reflection and diffuse reflection. http://titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/images/ImagesPhy106/lesson2.gif Specular or regular reflection is said to occur when parallel rays reflect from a high smooth and flat surface. For instance, a flashlight beam is said to have specular reflection as the reflective surface is mirror which is highly smooth and it, hence, makes the reflected beams travel towards the same direction in parallel as in (a). Most object, however, reflect light diffusely and the rays in an incident parallel beam are reflected in many direction as in (b) because of diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is due to the surface of the object not being perfectly smooth like a mirror. In fact, under microscopic scale, the surface of most of objects, if not all, is quite rough. Although at each point on the surface the law of reflection is observed, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection varies from point to point. Each of the initially parallel rays, therefore, is reflected in a different direction. 3.3 Mirror Concepts and its Applications 3.3.1 Image Formation with Mirrors Mirrors, undoubtedly, are ubiquitous in daily, especially used in mirror and optical instruments for gathering light and forming images. Law of reflection can be applied to use in locating the reflected image graphically as long as the size, location and orientation of the object is known. 3.3.1.1 Images in Plane Mirrors Images with mirrors are formed when many non-parallel light beams are reflected from the mirror surface and converge to form a corresponding image point. Image formed by plane mirror is erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopreflection in mirror.png For a point object, in Fig 3.3.1.1a, rays from the object at O are reflected in all directions based on the laws of reflection so that they appear to come from a point I behind the mirror and this is where the observer imagines the image to be. For an extended object, in Fig 3.3.1.1b, the image of a point A on the object is at A, and two points are being equidistant from the mirror. Similarly, the image of point B is at B. The image size, therefore, is identical to the object seize, giving a magnification of unity. However, the right-hand side of the object becomes the left-hand side of the image and vice versa. The image is said to be laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopmirror extended object.png To conclude, a planar mirror is strictly stigmatic in nature Any incident rays issued from point A gives reflected rays passing through point B symmetrically to A with regard to the plane of the mirror. B, hence, is the image of A. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.1.2 Images in Curved Mirrors There are mainly two types of spherical mirrors, concave and convex. Similar to planar mirror, image can be traced using the law of reflection. Unlike image formed by planar mirror, which is always erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted, the image formed by a spherical mirror and its nature depend on the distance of the object from the mirror. To construct the image, we assume that small objects on the principal axes of mirrors of small aperture are being considered so that all rays are paraxial. Point images will, thus, be formed of points on the object. For concave mirrors, also known as converging mirrors because of their action on a parallel beam of light, is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface that bulges inward. The formation of image using concave mirror can be in different locations of the object can be concluded by the following figure. Concave Mirror The nature of image using concave mirror and its applications are summarized as below: Position of the object Position of the image Nature and size of the image Use At infinity At the focus Real, inverted and diminished As collector of radiation in solar heating devices Beyond the centre of curvature Between the focus and the centre of curvature Real, inverted and diminished At the centre of curvature At centre of curvature Real, inverted and same size as object As a reflecting mirror behind a projector lamp Between the focus and centre of curvature Beyond the centre of curvature Real, inverted and magnified In flood lights At focus At infinity Real, inverted and magnified As a reflecting mirror in car, head lights, search lights etc. Between the pole of the mirror and the focus Appears behind the mirror Virtual, erect and magnified As a shaving mirror or makeup mirror and dentists mirror (Katz, 2002) For convex mirrors, also known as diverging mirrors reflect the incoming parallel light beams to form divergent beams which appear to come from a point behind the mirror.Convex Mirror Unlike that in concave mirrors, the nature of image formed by convex mirror is always virtual, diminished and erect. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.2 Derivation of the mirror formula Mirror formula is useful when we have to calculate the image location. Using triangles 2 and 3, we have,http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/mimg232.gif While using trangles 2 and 4, we have, Where is the image distance, is the object distance, f is the focal length, is the image height and is the object height It should be noticed that the sign convention is to be used in mirror formula. A real object or image distance is positive while a virtual object or image distance is negative. Magnification of a mirror image, m, can also be calculated by 3.3.3 Mirror instruments 3.3.3.1 Catoptric Systems Catoptric Systems is the system that merely consists of mirrors for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) 3.3.3.1.1 Newtonian telescopehttp://bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/images/newtonian.jpg Newtonian telescope is the first reflecting telescope invented by Isaac Newton in 1668. It consists of a concave primary mirror and a small flat diagonal secondary mirror. In a bid to have a stigmatic axial image, a concave mirror has to be applied to act as a primary mirror and it reflects light back up the scope axis to the secondary mirror which is titled at 45o to the axis. The secondary mirror, which is a small plane mirror, is placed in the path of beams reflected by the primary mirror in order to divert the rays to one side of the tube. The reason for choosing a small mirror to act as secondary mirror is to prevent the influx of light beams is blocked from reaching the primary mirror. Pros of the Newtonian telescope Cons of the Newtonian telescope Less expensive Reduction of light intensity due to the blockage of central flat plane Shorter focal ratio leads a wider field of view Easily suffer from coma (i.e. an off-axis aberration) Free of chromatic aberration Simpler fabrication (Kitchin, 2012) 3.3.3.1.2 Cassegrain Telescope http://www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/telescopes/cassegrain.gif Cassegrain Telescope is another type of reflecting telescope employing two principal mirrors, a concave parabolic primary mirror like the Newtonians, but its secondary one is a convex hyperboloidal mirror. It makes use of the special properties of parabolic and hyperbolic reflectors. A concave parabolic reflector will reflect all incoming light rays parallel to its axis of symmetry to a single point, the focus. A convex hyperbolic reflector has two foci and will reflect all light rays directed at one of its two foci towards its other focus. The mirrors in this type of telescope are designed and positioned so that they share one focus and so that the second focus of the hyperbolic mirror will be at the same point at which the image is to be observed, usually just outside the eyepiece. The parabolic mirror reflects parallel light rays entering the telescope to its focus, which is also the focus of the hyperbolic mirror. The hyperbolic mirror then reflects those light rays to its other focus, where the image is observed. (Waland, 1990) 3.3.3.1.3 Gregorian telescope http://s4.hubimg.com/u/7341531_f520.jpg Gregorian telescope employs concave parabolic mirror to act as both primary and secondary mirror in this reflecting telescope. The light that first enters the tube is reflected by the primary concave mirrors and directed towards the secondary mirror, which is also a concave mirror. It will reflect the rays out to the telescope through the hole in its center. Observer can therefore view the image formed on the eyepiece. (Trà ¼mper, 2010) 3.3.3.2 Catadioptric Systems Catadioptric system, on the other hand, is the system that consists of both mirrors and lenses for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) Catadioptric Systems will not be included in this paper. 3.4 Other Applications 3.4.1 Optical lever and light-beam galvanometers Galvanometer is an instrument that used to measure very small electric currents. Some sensitive galvanometers would use a beam of light in conjunction with a small mirror as a pointer. When there exists current flowing in the electric wire, a tiny mirror that is fixed to the part of the meter will rotate. And a light beam from a fixed lamp falls on the mirror and is reflected onto a translucent scale. For a given current, the longer the pointer (i.e. the reflected beam) the greater the deflection observed on the scale. This simply applies the reflective nature of light wave. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006)http://www.daviddarling.info/images/moving-coil_galvanometer.jpg 3.4.2 Red-eye effect The Red-eye effect is a common phenomenon in photography. It occurs when the photographic flash unit place closely to the camera lens. Normally, the rationale of photo-taking is that light from the flash unit enters the eye and is reflected back to the camera lens. Nevertheless, under dark environment, pupil diameter would increase due to contraction of radial muscle fibers and relaxation of circular muscle fibers of iris under autonomic nervous system and therefore more light beams can enter into the retina of the eye. And the reflected light from the retina is red because of largely blood vessels in Choroid. It, therefore, gives the Red-eye effect in photograph. 3.4.3 Headlight of Carhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dtZnF3MgZVc/T4_Rn6nSbaI/AAAAAAAAAtw/tzoIpGW9oFU/s1600/infiniti+headlight.jpg It employs concave parabolic mirrors at the front of the car, which acts as reflectors in the head lights of cars, search lights etc. 3.4.4 Dentists Mirrorhttp://cdn7.fotosearch.com/bthumb/FSA/FSA132/x12292469.jpg Dentists Mirror applies reflection to reflect and focus light on the tooth so that dentists can be examined in detail. 3.4.5 Optical Comparatorhttp://www.worldoftest.com/img/products/qv300_1.jpg Optical Comparator is an instrument that projects a magnified image or profile of a part onto a screen for comparison to a standard overlay profile or scale based on the principles of optics. The comparator, basically, is a non-contact device, which frequently used to measure, test, inspect, gauge or examine parts for compliance with specifications. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006) 3.4.6 Security Convex Mirrorhttp://dgmglass.com/images/mirrors/security/mirror-s-3.jpg One of the distinguish feature of convex mirror is the widely view range. Therefore, convex mirror is applied to act as a security mirror in blind junctions of roads or at corners of walls of bug buildings. The person that is approaching from other side would be shown when the mirror is positioned properly. 3.4.7 Rear-view mirror in an automobilehttp://transport-futures.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rear-view-mirror.jpg Knowing that the size of image of an object would be smaller when the object comes closer to the convex mirror, this unique feature can be applied to use on automobiles as rear view mirrors so that the diver can clearly view an approaching vehicle. 3.4.8 Submarines PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktopreflecting Periscope.png A periscope is a mirror instrument for observation from a concealed position. It works by employing two mirrors at 45o to each other, reflecting light rays from one place to another and finally out to the persons eye. 4 Refraction 4.1 Law of Refraction Qualitatively, when a light wave, which in fact composed of oscillating Electric fields and Magnetic field, crosses from a low optically density medium, say vacuum into a high optically density medium, say glass, E-Field and B-Fields are altered in terms of magnitude and direction of travel by the charges in the glass. Law of refraction, however, can be proved mathematically as follows: The first medium is supposed to be faster than the second medium and the speeds of propagation in 1st medium and 2nd medium are and respectively, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n1, n2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1. C:UsersLenovoDropboxU life2012-13, year2, 1st semesterCCST 9042 The world of wavesSnellslaw_diagram2.png Then, we have to evaluate the time taken by light ray from P to Q, which is Based on Fermats Principle, light travels the path with the least time. Thus, in an attempt to minimize the transit time, we set the derivative of time is zero and we have: By trigonometry, we have As and, we have This is Law of refraction, also known as Snell-Descartes law. NB: Similar to law of reflection, the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 4.2 Total internal reflection According to Snells law, when a light travels from one a medium with a higher optical density, to a medium with a lower optical density, say from glass to air, it will be refracted away from the normal (i.e. Ray C in Fig 4.2a) and a weak internally reflected ray is, meanwhile, formed (i.e. Ray B in Fig 4.2a) C:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 33.png Increasing the angle of incidence i increases the angle of refraction r, and at a certain angle of incidence c, called the critical angle, the reflected ray beam just emerges along the surface of the glass and the angle of refraction is 90o (i.e. Ray D in Fig 4.2b). In Fig 4.2 c, as the incident angle is increased continuously above critical angle (i.e. i > c), the refracted angle will be higher than 90o and sin r > 1, which is impossible and no refraction is possible. At this stage the internally reflected ray becomes bright and the refracted ray disappears. Hence, total internal reflection is now said to be occurring since all the incident light is reflected inside the optically denser medium. Mathematically, the critical angle can be found based on Snells law, which is Assume that n1 is refractive index of optically denser medium, n2 is refractive index of optically less dense medium, ÃŽÂ ¸1 is the critical angle of denser medium and ÃŽÂ ¸2 is the angle of refraction in less denser medium. All in all, for Total internal reflection to happen: Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium. Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle (i.e. i > c.) 4.3 Thin Lenses Thin lens is a lens that its axial thickness is small compared to the radii of curvature of its surfaces. (I.e. The thickness of the lens is negligible compared with the focal length of the lens) There are mainly two types of thin lenses, Converging thin lenses and Diverging thin lenses. Converging thin lenses, also known as convex lenses, direct parallel light rays bending toward one another after passing through them Diverging thin lenses, or so-called concave lenses, cause parallel light beams to spread as the leave the lens.http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6lXrPj04wfnztVlEvIlewlbzvIzhu_60Cup8oDYd840MY3w0SiOxnzxaVrQ 4.3.1 Image Formed by Thin Lenses 4.3.1.1 Convex Lens Ray DiagramFormation of Image by a Convex Lens Object is located between focus and lens The image is: Virtual Erect Magnifiedobject at F1 2. Object is located at focus The image is: Real Inverted Magnified 3. Object is located between focus and F2 The image is:object between F2 F1 Real Inverted Magnified 4. Object is located at F2object between O F2 The image is: Real Inverted Same size as the object 5. Object is located beyond F2object beyond F2 The image is: Real Inverted Diminished 6. Object is located at infinityobject infinity The image is: Real Inverted Highly diminished 4.3.1.2 Concave Lens Ray Diagram 1. Object is located between focus and mirrorconcave lens object F O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 2. Object is located between mirror and infinityconcave lens object infinity O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 3. Object is located at infinityconcave lens object at infinity The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 4.3.2 Derivation of the lens formula for thin lenses Gaussian lens formula, also known as lens formula, can be derived as follow: http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/university_physics_notes/optics/university_physics_notes_proof_of_thin_lens_equation_html_5c3e1e20.gif As, (1) Where O is the size of the object and I is the size of the image. Also, Thus, Combine with (1), we have NB: The Cartesian Sign Convention for thin lens formulas are as follow: Light travels initially from left to right toward the lens. Object distance p is positive for real objects located to the left of the lens and negative for virtual objects located to the right of the lens. Image distance q is positive for real images formed to the right of the lens and negative for virtual images formed to the left of the lens. The focal length f is positive for a converging lens, negative for a diverging lens. The radius of curvature r is positive for a convex surface, negative for a concave surface. Transverse distances are positive above the optical axis, negative below (Katz, 2002) 4.3.3 Power of a Lens The optical power of the lens is used to describe the bending ability of lens in term of power. Basically the power of a lens of focal length f is, Power, in the case, can be expressed in m-1as the unit of power is diopter 1 D = 1m-1 Therefore, if there exists a convex of power 1D, its focal length equals to 1 meter. 4.4 Optical instruments 4.4.1 Prismshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif Optical prisms are components that commonly used in optical experimental arrangements and optical instruments, with the role of illustrating dispersion of light beams. Rather than showing the complicated mathematical proof such as derivation of minimum deviation, application of prism will be illustrated below. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.1 Prism BinocularsC:UsersGaryDesktopprism.png Prism Binoculars consist of a pair of refracting astronomical telescopes with two totally reflecting prisms (angles 90o, 45o, and 45o) between each objective and eyepiece. Prism A causes lateral inversion and prism B inverts verticallt so that the final image is the same way round and the same way up as the object. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.2 PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktoppp.png Periscope, apart from using two reflecting mirror, employs two prisms. Under the occurring of total internal reflection on the hypotenuse, the incident rays and reflected rays are symmetric with regard to a plane orthogonal to the hypotenuse. In the case of normal incidence on one side of the right angle, the incident and reflected beams are orthogonal. 4.4.2 Magnifying Glasshttp://blog.timesunion.com/opinion/files/2011/02/0217_WVinternet.jpg Magnifying glass, also called Simple microscope, consist of a converging lens forming a virtual, upright, magnified image of an object placed inside its principal focus. For an object of height h is viewed at the near point by the unaided eye, the visual angle is, where D is the least distance of distinct visionhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_m367c081d.gif Now the object is placed at distance u from the lens, the visual angle subtended by its image is given by http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_f9ca6a7.gif The angular magnification is, therefore, given by 4.4.3 Compound Microscope Compound Microscope is a kind of optical instrument that uses visible light and a lens system to magnify images of small samples. C:UsersGaryDesktopcompound micropound.png The lens L1 nearer to the object, called the objective, forms a real, magnified, inverted image I1 of an object O placed just outside its principal focus Fo. I1 is just inside the principal focus Fo of the second lens L2, called the eyepiece, which act as a magnifying glass and produces a magnified, virtual image I2 of I1. In normal adjustment, the final image I2 lies at the near point. Then the visual angle subtended by the final image to the eye is given by When the object of height h is placed at the near point and viewed unaided, the visual angle subtended by the object is given by Hence, the angular magnification is given by And since, the linear magnification is equal to the linear magnification of the objective x linear magnification of the eyepiece. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.4 Refracting Astronomical Telescope Refracting Astronomical Telescope consists of two converging lenses; one is an objective with long focal length and the other an eyepiece with short focal length. The objective L1 forms a real, diminished, inverted image I1, of a distant object at its principal focus Fo since the rays incident on L1 from a point on such an object can be assumed parallel. The eyepiece L2 acts as a magnifying glass and forms a magnified, virtual image of I1 and, when the telescope is in normal adjustment, this image is at infinity. I1 must, therefore, be at the principal focus F2 of L2, hence F0 and F2 coincide. http://images.tutorvista.com/content/optics/astronomical-telescope-magnifying-power.jpeg From the above figure, we find that The visual angle subtended by the object is given by and the visual angle subtended by the object is given by, where h is the image height. Therefore, the angular magnification is For telescope in normal adjustment, the separation of the two lenses is the sum of the focal lengths. And this, the foci of the objective lens and the eye-piece must be at the same place. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.5 Galilean Telescopehttp://www.transtutors.com/userfiles/image/ARUN/IMAGES/Gal.JPG Galilean Telescope consists of two lenses a converging objective of large focal length and a diverging eyepiece of small focal length The angular magnification is 5. Conclusion In this term paper, the concepts of geometric optics are included comprehensively such as law of reflection, refraction, formation of images in mirrors and lens, etc. The notion of a light ray and the scientific study of light are involved in a bid to illustrating the working principle of different mirror and optical instruments, such as various telescope, efficiently.

The Smoking Truth :: essays research papers

The Smoking Truth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three major stereotypes when it comes to people who smoke. The three stereotypes are; all smokers are unhealthy, all smokers can’t stop smoking because they are so addicted, and they all started smoking to fit in with the group. Growing up I can remember everybody telling not to smoke because it was bad for you, but I never understood why until I took notice to my dad. My dad smokes maybe a half a pack a day and his teeth and clothes show it. He is always out of breath and coughing up Phlegm but you just can’t judge all smokers by just one smoker. So I chose a specific group of smokers to observe them because they were the perfect group to prove or disprove the stereotype since they resembled many of the groups of smokers around the campus. On the balcony right beside my window is the perfect place for a group of smokers to socialize because there is a nice view of Morgantown and it’s not really in the open so they have some kind of privacy to talk about what ever they want. I watched a specific group of smokers who got together about five times a day to share stories and make plans for the night to come. This group consisted to two girls and three guys. The first guy always wear’s a white West Virginia University hat turned around backwards, looks as if he works out, about five foot eleven and usually has on a T-shirt and shorts. The second guy is what you would call chubby. He’s not really sloppy fat but he’s not skinny either. He has a couple of chins and a pretty hefty gut. Like the first guy he always a white West Virginia hat with a slightly different logo and he tip’s the hat up slightly so it looks as if a strong breeze could blow it off. The third guy is huge. I think he may p lay football because I see him wake up early every morning with his gym gear on walking down the street with the other football players. He usually wears a tight t-shirt to show off his bulging muscles and a pair of Kaki shorts. The first girl has blond hair and deep blue eyes. She likes to wear tight t-shirts and pants even though she isn’t the fittest girl.

1993 DBQ Essay

The three G’s: God, Gold and Glory led many explorers rushing in to the new world. Among which were New England and Chesapeake, two society of English origin. Each developed with their own distinct views and principals. New England a much disciplined, obedient society and Chesapeake much devoted to gold and glory, and both these societies were prodigiously influenced by geographical, social-political, economic and religious needs and moves. Which have had caused both these societies to evolve adversely through their own means. Economy was a crucial factor in leading New England and Chesapeake to develop incongruously.Chesapeake was vastly devoted to mining gold and exploiting for a better economy. Hence as according to document c almost all the Chesapeake settlers’ were young single men. Whereas New England had a much differentiated purpose in coming to the â€Å"New world†. The New England settlers’ came for religious freedom and creating a model city or society for the rest of the new comers, as supported by document a and b; â€Å"we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a new hill†. Thus for them to prosper and expand as an exemplary society, most the New England settlers were joint families.Both New England and Chesapeake settled and expanded in different parts of America. The land and climates in the Chesapeake and New England regions were different, so the societies grew crops which suited their area, which led to differences in their social structures. The Chesapeake area was swampy and not well suited for the typical crops; however, it was discovered 5 years after their arrival that tobacco grew very well, so the economy structured itself around the growth of tobacco. It was exported as a cash crop to England, and as a result, they had much better amends with their mother country.Also as a result of the growth of tobacco, the Chesapeake colony had a need for cheap labor to work in the fields. They developed a system of indentured slavery; in which a person got free passage to America in return for their work and slavery till the debt is paid off. This later led to slavery as in later time the population grew more demanding and the farms thus needing to expand. The New England colonies include Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The lifestyle of New England’s people was greatly impacted by both its geography and climate.New England’s economy depended on the environment. Its location near the Atlantic Ocean along the coastlines determined how people would make a living. People in New England made money through fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, trading in its port cities and providing naval supplies. People in New England could not make a living from farming because most of the land was not suited to farming due to the hilly terrain and rocky soil. Another factor that made farming non-profitable was climate; New England experienced moderate summers and cold long winters .The growing season was simply too short to make farming profitable, so most families had small farms and traded within themselves. Thus the climate and there geographical locations caused New England and Chesapeake to strive in different directions for a much suitable economy. Both Chesapeake and New England had very different purpose and point of views. New England arrived in America with their plans of becoming a â€Å"city upon a hill† (document A). Thus as New England wanted to construct a strong obedient society; they valued unity and had a sort of democratic government.New England lifestyles were very healthy, traditional, structured and family oriented. A woman married in her twenties, raised about eight children, and went on to become a grandmother. If widowed, they were expected to remarry. Men were expected to become part of a church congregation if they wanted to vote, become part of the clergy or work in the shipbuilding, fishing, or trading industry. Children we re forced to be educated, in primary and secondary schools, by the government, and men went to college to be trained in the ministry.The New England settlers viewed all men equal and with brotherly hood care and affection. They equipped ways of helping and fulfilling each others requirements and needs aslong as they remain united and together. (documents a and d). On the other hand Chesapeake life styles were the opposite of New England life styles. They were very non-traditional, unhealthy, unorganized, and family wasn’t important. . Government was made of a self-elected House of Burgesses and didn’t offer much equality or freedom. There was a shortage of women, which meant few families.Few families and the fact that people were spread thin across the region meant that there was very little unity amongst the few men that inhabited in the Chesapeake colonies. Thus this weak bonding amongst the men in the Chesapeake colonies often lead to miscommunication and many socia l conflicts like the Bacon’s rebellion. (document H) Bacon's Rebellion was popular revolt in colonial Virginia in 1676 which summed up the relationship amongst the people in the Chesapeake region. The rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon.High taxes, low prices for tobacco, and resentment against the governor, Sir William Berkley , provided the reasons for the uprising conflict, which was worsened by Berkeley's failure to defend the frontier against attacks by Native Americans. Bacon commanded two unauthorized but successful expeditions against the tribes and was then elected to the new house of burgesses. Bacon gathered his supporters, marched on Jamestown, and forced Berkley out of Jamestown and continued his campaigns against Native Americans.Bacon now controlled the colony, but he died suddenly (Oct., 1676), and without his leadership the rebellion collapsed. Unlike New England education in the Chesapeake region was more or less ignored, which summed to uneducated children and less studying or reading of the bible. Women often outlived men; therefore they held more power than in New England. The majorities of men were involved in the tobacco industry and owned slaves, until they died in their 20’s. Here you can see that the social political lives of these people were very different and thus this different point of views and lifestyle affected the way both Chesapeake and New England had developed.Last but not the least religion, was a crucial factor in the development of both these colonial societies. Migrants to Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were refugees from religious conflict in England. Calvinists of various persuasions, they wanted to escape Anglican persecution or they wished to â€Å"new-model† Christ's church as an example for Christians everywhere. In New England the lives of the Puritans were ruled by their strict religious beliefs. According to document e and prior knowledge, the puritans believed that free time should be de voted to God and that â€Å"fun† activities like dancing would lead to laziness and discourse.The New Englanders vastly seeked to work for god and make a living out of working for god, for the all mighty would reward them at the end of time. Puritans had a clear vision of what their churches should be like. Only â€Å"visible saints† and allowed full membership in the church. In the early seventeenth century, however, few were denied membership since leaving England was considered sufficient proof of spiritual purity. Puritans led their lives based on a group of strong beliefs, one of which was predestination.They felt that all events are foreknown and foreordained by God and that God chose who was saved and who was damned. This reinforced the Puritan belief that God sent them to cleanse the culture of what they regarded as corrupt, sinful practices. There was no concept of individual â€Å"rights† to things such as privacy or freedom of thought and expression. Those that did rebel against the says of the church were either killed or excommunicated. All individuals were expected to conform to the beliefs and practices of the community as defined by the elders.Because of their devotion to hard work the New England colonies flourished. Whereas Chesapeake on the other hand had no such definite religious views that they seeked for in singular. . Chesapeake primarily did not persecute people of different faiths, focusing more on their crops and disputes with the Natives. The Chesapeake brought along with them the Anglican religion or Protestants of England. Thus the religious similarities between the Chesapeake and England created a better bond among the Chesapeake colonies and its motherland.Maryland was the only colony under the Chesapeake society that provided a haven for all the persecuted Catholics from England. Thus taking in consideration the different aspects of beliefs, which has had caused these societies to develop differently. As yo u can see there were many reasons that had caused these societies to develop incongruously. From there religious beliefs, geographical setting, social norms and political views have all contributed in their different development process. Considering all these given facts and reasoning you can agree or asses why these societies had grown differently.