Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Statement Tea

Philosophy of Education I am twenty-eight years old, and have scarcely decided to move a teacher within the former(prenominal) two years. I have always wanted to help people in some way, yet I was non sure of what area or angle to go with my humanitarian instincts. While at University, two of my professors would continually express their feelings on what an impact I would make as a teacher. This planted the seed. I later became pregnant with and gave birth to my daughter. When you are pregnant and have children you have many worries and anxieties, including the stress of who leave alone be caring for and teaching your child. I then examined the public school systems, for it is very difficult to ignore the negative media it has received in just the past few years. Something inside of me has told me that this is where I want to be. Somehow I want to make a difference in that childs life by showing the child that someone does care and that they do have a positive pl ace in the world. Hopefully this can open the child up to the realization that knowledge is the power and the key to a successful and productive life. The more experiences that I acquire in the development of children, the better I visit the nature of the child. I reject Hobbes theory of the nasty brute, for I do not view children as being born inherently evil. My views of the nature of children as well differ from that of Rousseau, for I do not view children as noble savages being born inherently good. I do advocate the theory of jakes Locke, the tabula rasa, stating that the mind of a child is born with a blank slate. Marx also plays a key role in my theory of the nature of children. Like Marx, I view human nature as dynamic and changing. In part, I feel ... ...ities out in order to properly to these students. I finally realised that I want to be in a special education setting, for this is my passion. I feel as if I am in a omen in my life to begin teac hing. Upon completion of my education degree at Concord College, I plan to begin my life as an educator. Not only do I plan to educate my students, but I also plan to further educate myself by obtaining my Masters Degree. My education will not stop at merely obtaining another degree. The world is in constant change, and to effectively teach my students I need to not only be apprised of the change, yet I need to be knowledgeable of and interactive with the change. Empowering myself enables me to empower my students. Not only do I desire to obtain my goals as a teacher, yet I also want to assist in the formation of the goals of those who inherit the world.

Decentering the Self in the Technological Age Essay -- Communication I

Decentering the Self in the Technological AgeIn a beautiful park, at the gazebo, accept my two companions, Avatar and Lewia. The wizard is performing the ceremony, and all is going very well. After many hours of intimate chat and romantic evenings together, today Avatar and Lewia atomic number 18 to be married - on the internet. This is the height of immersion to MUDlife. Life on the internet is affecting more people than many of us like to admit. I am interested in discussing the reasons for and repercussions of this sort of immersion. The above description actually did occur, several years ago. It was around the time of the first real explosion of the gentleman wide web, when the internet was reserved for computer geeks like myself. The internet offers hundreds of virtual spaces called MUDs for Multi User Domain. Within these MUDs, users create characters for themselves and virtual worlds for their characters. Interaction is purely text-based, with fewer rules. The w orlds are controlled by wizards, users who have the power to toad or delete characters that are abusive or unruly in some other way. My (real life) friend and his girlfriend used to frequent The Resort, a MUD for general discussion that has since been closed. My personal interest was quite limited, but I had to attend the cyber-ceremony let on of respect. My internet personality, or i-dentity, was, after all, BestManChris. Inspired by a similar net-event described in Sherry Turkles Life On The Screen, I have recently reflected on the repercussions of that net-wedding. For people as young as we were, twelve years old, the internet and chat rooms are an escape from the control of parents and teachers they were a chance to be more grown up than real life ... ...he commonly held view that communication will become increasingly personal as technology advances is challenged by the popularity of IRC as a new form of communication. People form virtual communities with loose social s tructure and rules in which the residents all have something in common, whether it is a wedding ceremony, hobby, or a sexual interest. The growth in the number of IRC users is too large to be ignored, and I think it is going to be rally to the recreation of communities as postmodern gathering places and the continued decentering of self as electronic communication becomes more prevalent in the years to come. Works CitedReid, Elizabeth M. Electropolis chat and Community On Internet Relay Chat University of Melbourne, 1991. Turkle, Sherry. Life On The Screen Identity in the Age of the Internet New York Touchstone, 1997.

Shakespeares Macbeth - A Tragic Hero :: Macbeth essays

Macbeth A Tragic Hero The Macbeth character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare can beplayed many ways. Macbeths relationship with other characters in the playand Aristotles theory of a tragedy are ways in which Macbeth is shown as a sad hero. At the very beginning of the play, Macbeth and Banquo are returningto Scotland from a fierce battle between the Norwegians and the Scottish.They have just won the war for Duncan. This shows a solemn virtue ofMacbeth, a requirement of a tragic hero according to Aristotle. It showsthat Macbeth is a loyal person to the mightiness and that he is a great warrior.As they are returning to Scotland, three witches appear and make propheciesabout Macbeth and Banquo. The three witches say All hail, Macbeth hailto thee, thane of Glamis All hail, Macbeth hail to thee, thane ofCawdor All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter (A 1, S 3, 48).Here, Macbeth is interested in what the witches have to say, but he doesnot really believe them. A few minutes lat er, Ross enters. He tellsMacbeth that the thane of Cawdor is in line for death and that Duncan hasnamed Macbeth the new thane of Cawdor. Now, Macbeth is absolutely shocked.The witches prophecy has come true He can not believe it But nowMacbeth has a lot more on his mind the third prophecy about becoming theKing. Macbeth knows that if something were to happen to Duncan, Malcolmand Donalbain, Duncans sons, would be the rightful heirs to the throne.How can Macbeth be King when he is nowhere near the next in line to thethrone? Another requirement for a tragic hero is that he must have atragic flaw. Macbeths tragic flaw is that of ambition Macbeths ambitionwill cause him to decline. At this point, Lady Macbeth knows all about the witches prophecies.She really wants to be Queen of Scotland so she encourages Macbeth to dowhat he has to do to get rid of Duncan. Lady Macbeth is putting anenormous amount of influence on Macbeth. He thinks that Duncan is a greatKing and he considers Duncan to be a good friend. Finally Macbeth gives into Lady Macbeth and decides that he will kill Duncan while he is visitingMacbeths castle that comparable night. That night, Macbeth kills Duncan.However, afterwards, Macbeth is feeling very sorry for himself. He can notbelieve what he has just done. His ambition has caused him to kill a goodfriend and up to now worse, the King Here, Macbeth is going crazy.

Narrative Recollection in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished :: Unvanquished Essays

Narrative Recollection in Faulkners The UnvanquishedThe narrator in William Faulkners The Unvanquished is an adult looking back on his childhood experiences. This is a powerful technique, because the ref can receive two sets of images through one voice in this case both the impressions of the young Bayard Sartoris as intimately as his older (and perhaps wiser) adult self. There are several ways in which the author makes this known, the head start being Faulkners use of first person, but in the past tense. In the opening scene of the book Bayard and Ringo are playing behind the smokehouse. The past tense of the verbs make it apparent that the performance has already been done, (ex. Ringo and I had a living map, and To Ringo and me it lived. Bayard indicates several times that this narrative is a recollection. One example is in the first chapter, even though you do look bigger (to twelve, at least, to me and Ringo at twelve, at least. (p.12). Then later, But we were just twelve w e didnt listen to that. (p.15). These passages contain a rueful quality that implies that Bayard knows better in remember. Like memory, the narrative moves in skips and jumps, rather than an exactly linear plot. The next time the reader is told Bayards age is in the second chapter, but the he is near fourteen now. Uncle Buck asks him, How old are you, boy? to which he replies, Fourteen, and Ringo interjects, We aint fourteen yit, (54). Then later, when Bayards grandmother becomes ill Faulkner writes, I would be sixteen years old before another year was out, yet I sat there in the wagon, crying. (152). So how does this narrative strategy affect the representation of southern masculinities? It allows the reader a glimpse of how this particular southern male Bayard Sartoris becomes the man that he is. It allows the reader to see this process in action. It visualizes the relationships with other southern men, including and especially his father. It actualizes the disillusionment tha t can so often shape childhood, but is often easier seen in retrospect that at the time of occurrence. A poignant example of this is in the third chapter when Bayard is questioning the veracity of his elders war stories old men had been congress young men and boys about warsand fighting before they discovered how to write it down

Soccer history :: essays research papers

Games similar to soccer were played in China as early as 400 B.C. In 200 A.D. the Romans played a plunk for in which 2 teams tried to score by advancing the ball across a line on a field, which means no soccer goals. They passed the ball to one another, but not by kicking it. Also in the 1100s, London children played a form of soccer (World Book Encyclopedia, S p.73).In the early 1800s, many side instills played a game that resembled soccer. Players added many rules that changed the game, and each school interpreted them differently. In 1848, a group of school representatives met at Trinity College in Cambridge and drew up the first set of soccer rules (Brooks Clark, 1993). In 1863, representatives of English soccer clubs founded the English football clubs found the English Football Association.Soccer began to spread throughout the world in the late 1800s. By 1900, associations had been established in Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In 1904, the n ational associations founded the Federation Internationle de Futbol Association. Soccer was make an official Olympic sport in 1908. The Canadian Soccer Association was established in 1912, and the United States Soccer Federation was set up in 1913. The first World Cup was played, in 1913, in Montevideo, Uruguay. Since then, the World Cup has been held every four years, except during World War II (1929-1945), when the games were suspended. Indoor soccer began in 1939, was formed by Major Indoor Soccer League, it started so people could play during the winter months. The North American Soccer League had its let indoor league from 1979-1984. Some of the differences from outdoor soccer are there were only five players on the field and the goalkeeper, the goals are smaller, and the field is smaller. The field is homogeneous a hockey rink with astro-turf field surrounded with Plexiglas. The soccer goals are also built into the wall. This is a very fast paced game with four periods of 15 minutes each.In the United States, major league professional soccer has attracted little interest from the fans. Either indoor or outdoor proved to be successful, even with stars coming from Europe and Latin America. American Soccer League was the longest running professional league in the United States soccer history, outlet from 1921 to 1984. The North American Soccer League only existed until 1985. Some of the worlds greatest players competed in this league, such as Michael Platani and Giorgio Chinaglia.

We Should Allow Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)

Over the last thirty years the United States has been faced with the problem of dependence on impertinent countries for oil and the tight control that these exercise on the energy policies and economics of America. Many of these instances include the oil embargos of the 1970s, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, and the terrorist rape on the World Trade Center in 2001. Since the 1970s, one solution offered to reduce our nations dependence on foreign countries for oil has been opening up bore in the Arctic case Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proponents say that drilling in ANWR would make the United States more self-sufficient in the area of energy, while at the same time not doing excessive damage to the environment of the area. Opponents of drilling in ANWR cite the environmental problems of off-shore drilling and maintain that this land should be left over(p) alone and allowed to stand as an environmental wonder. Given that some environmental groups do not mind allowing technology to invade the environment when it profits them and condition the threats of global terror and the ever-increasing dependence our nation has on foreign oil, I believe it is in the best interests of the United States to open up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for oil drilling.Before stating both sides of the argument, I would like to make two observations that I found interesting while researching from the book, Taking Sides. The first function that I found interesting was that in an environmental science class and in an environmental science textbook, the two articles used to present the pros and cons of opening up oil drilling in ANWR were not write by environmentalists or scientists or even oil technology experts, but rather by an economist, a physicist and a lawyer. The second thing that ran through my head as I was reading both articles was the time at which both were written. ?To action or non to Drill Let the Environmentalist Decide,? written by Dwight R. Lee, a profes sor of economics, and ?Fools Gold in Alaska,? written by physicist Amory B. Lovins and lawyer L. Hunter Lovins, were both written in the months prior to the September eleventh terrorist attacks in the United States and the subsequent United States invasion of both Afghanistan and Iraq. As I read both articles, specially that of the Lovins, which opposes oil drilling in ANWR, I could not help but wonder if ... ... we may see a serious act in the just about future to start the process of drilling. With a solid combination and profitability factor the U.S. could prevent the rising gasoline prices. We need to however, continue our search for different alternatives do to our limited resource of oil. For this reason, I am in favor of opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling and as well the exploration of alternative fuel sources, as well as ways to conserve fuel. This combination should provide the United States with an energy policy that is both financially sta ble and environmentally sound. Works CitedCunningham, William P. Cunningham, Mary Ann and Saigo, Barbara. Environmental Science, A Global Concern. McGraw-Hill. New York, NY. 2005.Easton, Thomas A. and Goldfarb, Theordore D. Taking Sides. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Guilford, Connecticut. 2004.Hayek, F.A. Individualism and Economic Order. The University of Chicago Press. Chicago and London. 1948.Lee, Dwight R. ?To Drill or Not to Drill Let the Environmentalists Decide.? The Independent Review. Fall 2001.Lovins, Amory B and Lovins, L. Hunter. ?Fools Gold in Alaska.? Foreign Affairs. July/August 2001.

We Should Allow Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR)

Over the last thirty years the United States has been faced with the problem of addiction on foreign countries for vegetable oil and the tight control that these exercise on the energy policies and economics of America. Many of these instances include the oil embargos of the 1970s, the Iraqi invasion of capital of Kuwait in 1990, and the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in 2001. Since the 1970s, one solution offered to reduce our nations dependence on foreign countries for oil has been opening up drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Proponents say that drilling in ANWR would make the United States more self-sufficient in the force field of energy, while at the same time not doing excessive damage to the milieu of the area. Opponents of drilling in ANWR cite the environmental problems of off-shore drilling and maintain that this fetch should be left alone and allowed to stand as an environmental wonder. Given that some environmental groups do not mi nd allowing technology to invade the environment when it profits them and given the threats of global terror and the ever-increasing dependence our nation has on foreign oil, I believe it is in the best interests of the United States to open up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for oil drilling.Before stating both sides of the argument, I would like to make two observations that I found interesting while researching from the book, taking Sides. The first thing that I found interesting was that in an environmental science class and in an environmental science textbook, the two articles used to attest the pros and cons of opening up oil drilling in ANWR were not written by environmentalists or scientists or even oil technology experts, but earlier by an economist, a physicist and a lawyer. The second thing that ran through my head as I was representing both articles was the time at which both were written. ?To crop or Not to Drill Let the Environmentalist Decide,? written by D wight R. Lee, a professor of economics, and ?Fools Gold in Alaska,? written by physicist Amory B. Lovins and lawyer L. huntsman Lovins, were both written in the months prior to the September eleventh terrorist attacks in the United States and the subsequent United States invasion of both Afghanistan and Iraq. As I read both articles, especially that of the Lovins, which opposes oil drilling in ANWR, I could not help but wonder if ... ... we may see a serious act in the near future to start the process of drilling. With a solid combination and profitability factor the U.S. could prevent the rising gasoline prices. We need to however, expect our search for other alternatives do to our limited resource of oil. For this reason, I am in favor of opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling and also the exploration of alternative fuel sources, as well as ways to conserve fuel. This combination should provide the United States with an energy polity that is both financ ially stable and environmentally sound. Works CitedCunningham, William P. Cunningham, Mary Ann and Saigo, Barbara. Environmental Science, A Global Concern. McGraw-Hill. New York, NY. 2005.Easton, Thomas A. and Goldfarb, Theordore D. Taking Sides. McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. Guilford, Connecticut. 2004.Hayek, F.A. Individualism and Economic Order. The University of lettuce Press. Chicago and London. 1948.Lee, Dwight R. ?To Drill or Not to Drill Let the Environmentalists Decide.? The Independent Review. Fall 2001.Lovins, Amory B and Lovins, L. Hunter. ?Fools Gold in Alaska.? Foreign Affairs. July/August 2001.

Teen pregnancy and sex education

Adolescent birth rates shake off gone up and down over the retiring(a) 60 old ages ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ young_pregnancy ) . Adolescent gestation is defined as an minor young miss spill pregnant. The term in routine address normally means that a adult females who has non reached legal maturity who has become pregnant. Most females in America seem to believe that holding a kid is cool or they want something to name their ain. Teaching striplings about safe sex and the jobs associated with gestation can travel a long elan in assisting adolescent birth rates to go on to drop.Adolescents who have babes are much believably to non complete high school and have their future programs messed up. Unfortunately the United States unflustered has the highest rate of teenage gestations when compared to other states of similar position ( hypertext transfer protocol //www.preganatteenhelp.org/articles8.html ) . Babies born to teenage mas have a more likely opportunity of holding a low birth weight and this can take to all kinds of medical jobs later in life. This goes covert to discipline about sex and gestation bar in schools and places. angiotensin-converting enzyme of the biggest issues that needs to be addressed in the battle between abstention merely and familiar instruction is adolescent gestation. Pregnant adolescents face many of the same jobs as adult females in their 20s and 30s. The babes born to these adolescent female parents are most likely to hold lower instruction and populate in higher rates of poorness, and or other poorer life results. ( Teenage Pregnancy Wikipedia ) . For female parents between 15 and 19 old ages, age in itself is non a hazard factor, but extra hazard may be associated with socioeconomic factors. ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . at that place are many groups or oranganizations that help salvage or at least attempt to salvage the many kids that are born to these immature teenage mas. The adolescent birth rate in the United States is the highest in the developed universe, and the adolescent abortion rate is besides high. ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . Harmonizing to information accessible from the Guttmacher Institue, sex by age 20 is the normal age across the universe, and states with low degrees of adolescent gestation accept sexual relationships among adolescents and supply comprehensive and match information about gender. Womans exposed to mistreat, domestic force, and household discord childhood are more likely to go pregnant as adolescents, and the hazard of going pregnant as a adolescent increases with the figure of inauspicious childhood experiences ( Teenage gestation Wikipedia ) . The Adolescent gestation scheme has had mixed success. Although teenage gestations have fallen overall, they have non fall systematically in every part, and in some countries they have increase d. There are inquiries about weather the 2010 mark of a 50 % decrease on 1998 degrees can be met ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . But to run into these rates or statistics most adolescents should concentrate on the brilliance of abstention. Most subjects of this topic merely point out the chief thought and concentrate on one thing but you have to maintain discoursing the immenseness of the topic, because if non so the readers want believe much about it and non take it earnestly. Supports of abstinence-only motion frequently favor excepting information about safe sex, which they believe encourages pupils to go sexually active ( Immell, Teen Pregnancy pg.9 ) . Research workers, nevertheless indicate that as of yet there is no definite cogent evidence that abstinence-only plans impede accelerate, or cut down sexual activity ( Immell, Teen Pregnancy pg.10 ) . In the United States the subject of sex instruction is the topic of much combative argument. clos e to schools provide these abstinence-only instruction and virginity pledges are progressively popular. A squad of research workers and pedagogues in California have published a list of best patterns in the bar of adolescent gestation, which includes, in add-on to the antecedently mentioned constructs, working to transfuse a belief in a successful hereafter, male engagement in the bar procedure, and planing intercessions that are culturally relevant ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . Young maternity in an industrialised state can impact employment and social category. Less than one tierce of teenage female parents receive any signifier of child support, immensely increasing the likeliness of turning to the authorities for aid. Teenage maternity may really do economic sense for poorer immature adult females, some research workers suggest ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teeenage_pregnancy ) . Most adolescent misss t hink that holding a babe is all by rights every bit long as they are taken attention of and populating in the right environment, but small do they cognize the after math or the impact of birth of the kid. Early maternity can impact the psychosocial development of the baby. One survey suggested that stripling female parents are less likely to excite their baby through fond behaviours such as touch, smiling, and verbal communicating, or to be sensitive and accepting toward his or her demands ( hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_pregnancy ) . As many of us know being a adolescent female parent is non user-friendly and does non look like it will be any clip shortly but we have to maintain informing our teens on the of import of abstention. The inquiry still remains will the rates of teenage gestations continue to lift or will it easy fall? The merely reply to this inquiry is to maintain back uping your close schools and go on to inform your kids about abstenti on merely and the hazards of holding a kid.Work Citedworth, richard. Single parnet households. New York Miami trumpeter publication company, 1992. Print.immell, myra h. San Diego greenhaven imperativeness, 2001. Print

Main differences and similarities between God and human according to Hebrew Scriptures Essay

The first man was perfect, Made in the image of idol and likeness (Genesis 126). Image in this case can not refer to the body God is a spirit while man is earthly. Image here would entertain the divine attributes that God endued man with, separating mankind from other animals. Short gives six God like qualities that man posses. These are language, creativity intellectual ability, dominion all over the earth, love holiness, immortality and freedom (5). Some of these attributes are arguably not possible without including the body in the image.Man stands apart from all other living creatures because of his consanguinity with God. Grudem gives five aspects of our likeness to God. These aspects of humans existence shows man to be more like God than the rest of creation. The aspects are Moral aspect Human has an internal sense of right and wrong that set him part from animals. Spiritual aspects Mans spiritual lives enable him to come to to God as persons, to pray and larn him spe aking his word to him. Mental aspect man has the ability to reason and think logically. Relational aspect despite the fact that animal too relate to each other, the depth of inter individual(prenominal) harmony in human relations in marriage, church is much greater and function in accordance to Gods principles. Mans great dignity as bearers of Gods image. Despite the fact that man is in the image of God, God has no the physical form but is a spirit. b) Similarities and differences between the gods and humans, according to the Iliad Greek gods are not spiritual beings but are anthropomorphic. They resemble human beings and work to act in human ways.They portray human emotions, virtues and vices. They further are organized into divine family, which imitates the patriarchy of human society. Iliad gods are much concerned with human affairs. Many goddesses would mate with human beings, sire children who would party favour them in times of war. The Iliad presents an action on two plan es, the human and the divine. The gods serves to emphasize the limitation of man, his short life, and the net meaningless of human affairs. Work cited Short J. R, The image of God. Viewed on 09/07/10 from http//www.answersingenesis. org/creation/v4/i1/man. asphttp//www. answersingenesis. org/creation/v4/i1/man. asp Dunkle R, classic generator of western culture. Viewed on 09/07/2010 from http//ablemedia. com/ctcweb/netshots/homer. htm Grudem. W, the singularity of Human Beings In the Image of God viewed on 9/7/10 from http//www. creationbc. org/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=131&Itemid=5 Question 2 What is the covenant? (Gen 12 and 15) The covenant refers to the Abraham covenant. Abraham is told to leave his people, take his wife and move to Canaan.The covenant found in Genesis 121-3 reads and I will make you a great nation, and I will bless you, and make your name great and you shall be a blessing And I will bless them that bless you, and assert them that curse you and in you all families of the earth are buoyant. Abraham would receive the s even up physical blessings only if he would obey God. Nations in Abraham day would be blessed through Abraham .The covenant has four basic provisions, these are Special favor with God. Land provision Special favor to Abrahams physical offsprings, and , Special favor to Abrahams spiritual seeds Relationship between Abraham Covenant and Mosaic Ten Commands of Exodus 20 The Mosaic Law was a bilateral covenant make specifically for Israel to govern her life in the Promised Land. From the Abrahamic covenant, Israel was a chosen nation, an instru custodyt through which God would bless all other nations. Yahweh was her Theocratic king to overlook and guide the nation to her destiny, protect the nation from pollution and contaminations by other nations whence fulfill the Gods intended purpose.The Mosaic nation was hence instituted to direct Israel as a nation in all spheres of her life- morally, social ly, governmentally, economically and religiously. Work cited Grudem. W, the Uniqueness of Human Beings In the on 9/7/10 from Image of God viewed http//www. creationbc. org/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=131&Itemid=5 Keathley H. j The Mosaic Law. Viewed on 09/07/10 from http//bible. org/article/mosaic-law-its-function-and-purpose-new-testament Question 3 The origin of sliminess and human suffering according to Hebrew scriptures According to Rhodes, unworthy is something that is not an existence of its own it rather is corruption of that which already exists. It is absence or lack of something good (3). Evil exist either as natural evil or moral evil. Moral evil is evil that we human beings originate cruel, unjust, heavy-handed and perverse thoughts and deeds. Natural evil is evil that originates independently human actions in disease, earthquakes, storms, droughts etc. In Gen131, the original creation was very good. No sin, no evil and no death.The turn down come aft(prenominal) Adam and Eve choose to use their God given free will and violently chose to decline him. Created in the image of God, man was given the risky gift of free will. Based on the above fact, it would be right to argue that God had the authorization for evil, when he bestowed upon man the freedom of choice but the origin of evil came s result of mans who disobeyed God for his own selfish personal desires. Sayings of Buddha According to Buddha, craving is the root cause of all human suffering. To him craving is the central evil that reduced life into a bundle of painful despair.As long as there were delightful and pleasurable things, the craving would persist. Craving takes root in the sense, in the eye, in the ear, in the nose, in the tongue in the mind and in the body. Sensuous craving causes accumulation of present and future suffering. These accumulated craving then leads people to various form of conflicts and quarrels or serious acts like stealing robbery or sed ucing other mens wives which results in shortly pain or death ( the noble truth of the origin of suffering). Hesiod in Works and Days According to Hesiod, gods keep secretes of an easy life away from men.From Hesiods work, Prometheus was able to snatch the gift of fire from man, pilfering it from the gods this angered genus Zeus who vowed to curse men. He sent the evil seductress Pandora them all gifts like diseases, pain and evil. Hesiod believes that all women are wily, wiggling traps to lead men to destruction. God keep men helpless, men then live lives of toil to avoid starvation. Work cited Rhodes. R, Notes on the Problem of Evil. Viewed on 09/07/10 from http//ldolphin. org/evil. html Question 4 Meanings of the Hebrew words for seer The common word for oracle in Hebrew is nabi and meaning spokesman.Other Hebrew words associated with prophetic figures are hozeh and roeh, both meaning some genius that sees. Nabi and Hozeh are close synonyms. The roles a prophet filled during the period of the Hebrew Kingdom, from Saul to the exile and return from Babylon Prophets played an important role in Israel political life. In the monarchy and rise to power of Saul, Samuel played an important role in the decision and action. Samuel was at the frontline in the appointment of David (1sam 8-12 15-16). Even prophets who had a strong nitty-gritty to correct false religious practice like Hosea addressed political issues strongly.Prophets would be consulted about the future. They were powerful to bless or curse, like in the Moabite prophet Balaam illustrates (nun 22). Prophets would also perform divine or symbolic acts like Showing unusual power over nature (1 Kgs 171-8, 41-46) ,Feeding people by miraculous means (1 Kgs 178-16 2 Kgs 41-7 438-44), Healing people (2 Kgs 51-19) or causing others to fall ill (2 Kgs 520-27), Rising the dead (1 Kgs 1717-24 2 Kgs 48-37) and Performing other miraculous and/or symbolic actions (1 Kgs 18 2 Kgs 6)Prophets reward in ancient Test ament times In the Old Testament times, each prophet had to pass through pain of rejection, self doubt, persecution, and ultimately vindication only after the unfolding of history validates their prophetic utterances. Jeremiah, after many years of warning his people of unidentified evil coming from north, wearied by the non fulfillment of his prophecies, even his family members plotted against him to take his life in order to silence him.Differences between visions and messages of the prophets Prophet in the bible were not were not primarily foretellers, they in concomitant seeing would criticize the present wrong doing, injustice, oppression, and rich , luxurious worship while the poor starved. Amos, for instance looked at the future often to warn. He warned against noncompliance and its repercussions. Bible dictionary Prophets, viewed on 11/07/10 from file///C/Documents%20and%20Settings/User/Desktop/prophets. htm

Drug abuse Essay

The policy in Switzerland seems to be a success because in the last 10 years there has been an astounding reduction in new users, 82% in fact. Addicts be offered heroin on prescription, access to shooting galleries, needle exchanges and oral methathrough. This medicalised medicate use has removes its glamour, making it trivial and less appealing. The British government however takes the view that allowing drug consumption rooms risks increasing levels of dealing and anti-social crime. This is the disadvantage presently obstructing the government following suit.The doctor thinks that some users have turned round their lives as a result of this treatment. They come off heroin because of the boredom of spot and drudgery. In addition to the professional opinion, a more personal outlook given by a former addict stated that it should be done in very controlled conditions and only used as a last resort. As I saw on the video, drug poke fun has been a line for centuries and I personal ly do not see a situation where the world will be free of drug abuse.This is because, when the word drug is be we mean a medication and there are many legal drugs that are medically prescribed for the treatment of the ill. Drugs such as morphine and paracetamol idler also be misused, and the abuse can lead to deaths. In this sense the problem of drug abuse can never be entirely eliminated because throng will just find another drug to abuse. However, one must be cautious when reading the newspapers as it is likely to be biased. Not everything must be taken into account as it is not likely to be authentic or reliable.To a certain extent not all drugs are as bad as each other some drugs bring about more harm than others. In other ways, if particular drugs are ill-treat constantly and in heavy quantities they can cause severe consequences, such as tobacco for example. Particular notice needs to be taken of risk of infection Ratings and the seriousness of heroin addiction. More sh ould be done to prevent this, by tightening rules and regulations and giving harsher punishments to put off new users and give help to alive addicts.Both sources offer contrasting methods for dealing with the problem. The first method, calling upon the government to update the system may not be taken into consideration by some politicians as they do not want to lose votes. However, if it is considered and action is taken, it is a worthwhile action. The second method calling upon softer laws can be seen as helping in some ways, but mainly making it easier for drugs to be abused.In my opinion, the government should tighten rules and regulations for drug abuse and crackdown on Drug connect crime, reducing the usage of drugs, and also supply help for the addicts to stabilise their lives. Politics and the law are barriers to both approaches because each method has to gain the Governments approval precedent to the action taken, this may prove difficult. This is due to the fact that pol itical parties view their own positions in government more precious than the welfare of the public.As a result of this, they are more concerned with losing votes rather than losing lives. As a whole, drug abuse and addiction is a problem that cannot ever be eradicated completely but it can be controlled and reduced, particularly with certain drugs. As mentioned previously, there are options available to control the issue, and measures can be put in ship to reduce drug abuse. The best method would be to take a combination of both options as stated previously. Maybe, in the distant future, drug abuse may not be such a huge pandemic as it is today.

Tsunami and Love Canal

Atsunami(harbor cockle) ortidal quakeis a series of wet draw ins (c exclusivelyed atsunami s trend train) ca apply by the excision of a large-scale deal of a body of pee, usu eithery an ocean, nonwithstanding atomic number 50 die inlarge lakes. Tsunamis be a frequent occurrence in lacquer approximately 195 events perk up been recorded. Due to the grand volumes of water and postcode involved, tsunamis keep liquidate bankal regions.Earthquakes,volcanic eruptionsand other(a)underwater explosions(including detonations of underwaternuclear devices), polishslidesand othermass movements,meteorite ocean impacts or convertible impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the strength to gene stray a tsunami. TheGreekhistorianThucydideswas the first to allude tsunami tosub ocean quakes,but understanding of tsunamis nature remained slim until the 20th century and is the subject of ongoing re search. Many earliestgeological,geographical, and oceanographictexts refer to tsunamis as seismic sea reels. CHARACTERISTICS While everydaywind waveshave awavelength(from crest to crest) of nigh 100meters (330 ft) and a height of more or less 2meters (6. 6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200kilometers (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well all over 800kilometers per hour ( cholecalciferol mph), but due to the great wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to drop off a cycle and has bountifulness of entirely about 1meter (3. 3 ft). This mentions tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. Ships rarely notice their passage.As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow,wave shoalingcompresses the wave and its velo city slows below 80kilometers per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20kilometers (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave. Since the wave still has much(prenominal) a immen se wavelength, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the climax wave does not gaolbreak (like asurf break), but quite appears like a fast movingtidal bore.Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may inning the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. When the tsunamis wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is thrifty in meters above a reservoir sea level. A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant duration between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the blueest run up. nearly 80% of tsunamis occur in the peaceable ocean, but are viable wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes.They are cause by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, andbolides. GENERATION MECHANISMS The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually attributed to earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests. The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. It is important to note thattidesdo not play any affair in the generation of tsunamis hence referring to tsunamis as tidal waves is inaccurate.Seismicity generated tsunamis Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the earths crustal deformation when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami can be generated whenthrust faultsassociated withconvergentor destructive plate boundariesmove abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical componen t of movement involved.Movement on convening faults will withal cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give rise to a significant tsunami. pic pic pic pic selective service oftectonic plate Overriding plate bulges under Plate slips, causing The energy released produces boundarybefore earthquake. strain, causing tectonic uplift. subsidenceand releasing energy tsunami waves. into water. Tsunamis have a smallamplitude(wave height) shoreward, and a very longwavelength(often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass un discover at sea, forming save a slight swell usually about cccmillimeters (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in awave shoaling play described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still fill coastal areas. On April 1, 1946, a magnitude-7. 8 (Richter scale)earthquakeoccurred near theAleutian Islands,Alaska.It generated a tsunami which inundatedHiloon the island of howdys with a 14meters (46 ft) risque surge. The area where theearthquakeoccurred is where the Pacific Oceanfloor issubducting(or being pushed mowwards) underAlaska. Examples of tsunami at locations away fromconvergent boundariesincludeStoreggaabout 8,000 long time ago,Grand Banks1929,Papua newborn greaseball1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua crude Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before traveling transoceanic distances.The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unk forthwithn. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc. ) The1960 Valdivia earthquake(Mw9. 5) (1911 hrs UTC),1964 Alaska earthquake(Mw9. 2), and2004 Indian Ocean earthquake(Mw9. 2) (005853 UTC) are recent examples of unchewable mega thrustearthquak es that generated tsunamis (known asteletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (Mw4. 2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called topical anestheticand regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a a couple of(prenominal) minutes.In the 1950s, it was discovered that bigger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giantlandslides. These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or working out transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay,Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 meters (over 1700 feet). The wave didnt travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat amazingly managed to beat up the wave.Scientists named these wavesmega tsunami. Scientists discovered that extreme ly large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generatemega tsunami that can travel trans-oceanic distances. SCALES OF INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to rank up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between divers(prenominal) events. Intensity scales The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were theSieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in theMediterranean Seaand theImamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean.The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensityI jibe to the formula pic WhereHavis the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as theSoloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAAand the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. Magnitude scales The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rat her than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced thetsunami magnitude scaleMt, calculated from, pic wherehis the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide forecast at a distanceRfrom the epicenter,a,b&Dare constants used to make the Mtscale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale. WARNINGS AND PREDICTIONS Drawbacks can serve as a brief prototype. People who observe drawback ( legion(predicate) survivors report an accompanying sucking sound), can stretch out only if they immediately run for high setting or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.In 2004, ten-year oldTilly SmithofSurrey,England, was onMaikhao beachinPhuket,Thailandwith her enhances and sister, and having in condition(p) about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney. In the2004 Indian Ocean tsunamidrawback was not reported on the African coast or any other easterly coasts it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwardly on the westwardern side.The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be on the button predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists,oceanographers, and seismologistsanalyze each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not write a tsunami sample. However, there are around warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to render lives. One of the most successful systems uses shadow pressure sensors that are attached to buoys. The sensors constantly monitor the pressure o f the overlying water column.This is deduced through the calculation pic Where, P= the overlyingpressurein northward per meter square, ? = thedensityof theseawater = 1. 1 x 103kg/m3, g= theacceleration due to gravity = 9. 8 m/s2and h= the height of the water column in meters. Hence for a water column of 5,000 m depth the overlying pressure is have-to doe with to pic Or about 5500tonnes-forceper square meter. Regions with a high tsunami risk typically usetsunami warning systemsto warn the tribe before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the join States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunami, warning signs indicate evacuation routes.In Japan, the community is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural hazards together with a mesh topology of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliff of surroundings hills. ThePacific Tsunami Warning Systemis based inHonolulu,Hawaii. It moni tors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other selective information trigger a tsunami warning. While the seduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami.Computers assist in analyzing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses. pic pic pic pic Tsunami hazard sign A tsunami warning sign on The monument to the victims of Tsunami memorial atBamfield,British Columbia aseawallinKamakura, Japan, tsunami at Laupahoehoe,Hawaii inKanyakumaribeach 2004. As a cipher result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean. Computer models can predict tsunami comer, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors relay inform ation in real time. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloors shape and coastaltopography, the models picture the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami.All Pacific Rim countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practice evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is compulsory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population. Some zoologists hypothesize that many animal species have an ability to sense subsonicRayleigh wavesfrom an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, supervise their behavior could provide advance warning of earthquakes, tsunami etc. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted.There are unsupported claims about the Lisbon quake that almost animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources inSri Lankain the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. 2 122It is possible that certain animals (e. g. ,elephants) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, around humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result. It is not possible to stay a tsunami.However, in some tsunami-prone countries someearthquake designmeasures have been taken to reduce the ruin caused on shore. Japan create many tsunami walls of up to 4. 5metres (15 ft) to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have builtfloodgatesand channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers. For instance, theOkushiri, Hokkaido tsunamiwhich struckOkushiri IslandofHokkaidowithin two to five minutes of theearthquake on July 12, 1993created waves as much as 30metres (100 ft) tallas high as a 10-story building.The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded b y a tsunami wall, but the waves washed overcompensate over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life. 23 Natural factors such as shoreline tree cover can lower tsunami effects. Some locations in the path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost unscathed because trees such ascoconut palmsandmangrovesabsorbed the tsunamis energy.In one striking example, the hamlet ofNaluvedapathyin IndiasTamil Naduregion suffered only minimal disparage and few deaths because the wave broke against a forest of 80,244 trees planted along the shoreline in 2002 in a bid to enter theGuinness al-Quran of Records. 24Environmentalists have suggested tree planting along tsunami-prone seacoasts. Trees require years to grow to a useful size, but such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer-lasting center of tsunami mitigat ion than artificial barriers. The complete furnish chemic fuck up dumpIn 1920 Hooker Chemical had turned an area in Niagara falls into a municipal and chemical disposal site. In 1953 the site was filled and relatively modern methods were applied to cover it. A thick form of impermeable red clay besotted the dump, preventing chemicals from leaking out of the landfill. A city near the dumpsite wanted to buy it for urban expansion. Despite the warnings of Hooker the city eventually bought the site for the meager summation of 1 dollar. Hooker could not sell for more, because they did not want to earn money off a envision so clearly unwise.The city began to churn to develop a sewer, damaging the red clay cap that covered the dumpsite below. Blocks of homes and a school were built and the neighborhood was named relish channel. Love epithelial duct seemed like a regular neighborhood. The only thing that distinguished this neighborhood from other was the strange odors that oft en hung in the air and an unusual seepage noticed by inhabitants in their basements and yards. Children in the neighborhood often fell ill. Love Canal families regularly experienced miscarriages and birthing defects.Lois Gibbs, an activist, noticed the high occurrence of distemper and birth defects in the area and started documenting it. In 1978 newspapers revealed the existence of the chemical waste dump in the Love Canal area and Lois Gibbs started petitioning for closing the school. In shocking 1978, the claim succeeded and the NYS Health Department ordered closing of the school when a child suffered from chemical poisoning. When Love Canal was investigateed over 130 pounds of the highly virulent carcinogenic TCDD, a form of dioxin, was discovered. The total of 20. 00 tons of waste present in the landfill appeared to contain more than 248 different species of chemicals. The waste mainly consisted of pesticide residues and chemical weapons research refuse. The chemicals had e ntered homes, sewers, yards and creeks and Gibbs decided it was time for the more than 900 families to be moved away from the location. Eventually President Carter provided funds to move all the families to a undecomposedr area. Hookers parent company was sued and settled for 20 gazillion dollars. Despite protests by Gibbss organization some of the houses in Love Canal went up for sale some 20 years later.The majority of the houses are on the market now and the neighborhood may become dwell again after 20 years of abandonment. The houses in Love Canal are hard to sell, despite a renaming of the neighborhood. It suffered such a bad record after the incident that banks refused mortgages on the houses. no(prenominal) of the chemicals have been removed from the dumpsite. It has been resealed and the surrounding area was cleaned and declared safe. Hookers mother company paid an additive 230 million dollars to finance this cleanup. They are now responsible for the management of the dumpsite.Today, the Love Canal dumpsite is known as one of the major environmental disasters of the century. **** Love Canal is an abandoned channel in Niagara County, New York, where a huge amount of toxic waste was buried. The waste was composed of at least ccc different chemicals, totaling an estimated 20,000 metric tons. The existence of the waste was discovered in the 1970s when families living in homes subsequently built next to the site found chemical wastes seeping up through the ground into their basements, forcing them to eventually abandon their homes.Love Canal was used from the 1940s through the 1950s by the Hooker Chemical society and the city of Niagara Falls, among others, to dispose of their hazardous and municipal wastes and other refuse. The canal was surrounded by clay and was thought at the time to be a safe place for disposaland, in fact, entombment chemicals in the canal was probably safer than many other methods and sites used for chemical disposal at the time. In 1953, the Niagara Falls Board of Education bought the land-fill for $1 and constructed an simple school with playing fields on the site.Roads and sewer lines were added and, in the early 1970s, single-family homes were built adjacent to the site. Following a couple of heavy rains in the mid-1970s, the canal flooded and chemicals were observed on the surface of the site and in the basements of houses abutting the site. Newspaper coverage, investigations by the State of New York and by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, combine with pressure from the districts U. S. congressional representative and outrage on the part of local residents, led to the declaration of a wellness emergency involving great and imminent venture to the wellness of the general public. Ultimately, in August, 1978, a decision was made by Governor Hugh Carey, supported by the gaberdine House, to evacuate the residents and purchase 240 homes surrounding the site. currently thereafter, the resi dents of nearby homes that did not immediately abut the site also became concerned about their health and conducted a health survey that purported to show an increase in the occurrence of various diseases and problems such as birth defects and miscarriages, which were attributed to chemical exposures.A great controversy ensued over whether the observations were real or reflected normal rates of such problems, and whether chemical exposures had, in fact, occurred. Eventually, political pressure resulted in families being given an opportunity to leave and have their homes purchased by the State. About 70 homes remained occupied in 1989 by families who chose not to move. The controversy at Love Canal followed on the heels of the heightened awareness that occurred in the 1960s about environmental contamination, and it contributed to public and regulatory concern about hazardous wastes, waste disposal, and disclosure of such practices.Such concerns led Congress to pass the Resource Conse rvation and Recovery bring (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in 1976, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund bill, in 1980. When CERCLA was passed, few were aware of the finale of the problem potentially created by years of inappropriate or inadequate hazardous waste disposal practices. Since implementing CERCLA, the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency has identified more than 40,000 potentially contaminated Superfund sites. The disjuncture War In August 1990 Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, starting the Gulf War in which an allegiance of 34 nations worldwide was involved. In January1991of the Gulf War, Iraqi forces committed two environmental disasters. The first was a major oil spill 16 kilometers off the shore of Kuwait by toss away oil from several tankers and opening the valves of an offshore terminal. The second was the setting fire to 650 oil rise in Kuwait.The apparent strategic g oal of the action was to prevent a potential landing by US Marines. American air strikes on January 26 destroyed pipelines to prevent further spillage into the Gulf. This however seemed to make little difference. Approximately one million tons of crude oil was already lost to the environment, making this the largest oil spill of human history. In the make of 1991, as many as 500 oil wells were still burning and the last oil well was not extinguished until a few months later, in November.The oil spills did considerable damage to life in the Persian Gulf (see picture). Several months after the spill, the poisoned waters killed 20. 000 seabirds and had caused severe damage to local marine flora and fauna. The fires in the oil wells caused immense amounts of soot and toxic fumes to enter the atmosphere. This had great effects on the health of the local population and biota for several years. The pollution also had a possible impact on local weather patterns.Tsunami and Love CanalAtsuna mi(harbor wave) ortidal waveis a series of water waves (called atsunami wave train) caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, usually an ocean, but can occur inlarge lakes. Tsunamis are a frequent occurrence in Japan approximately 195 events have been recorded. Due to the immense volumes of water and energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions.Earthquakes,volcanic eruptionsand otherunderwater explosions(including detonations of underwaternuclear devices), landslidesand othermass movements,meteorite ocean impacts or similar impact events, and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. TheGreekhistorianThucydideswas the first to relate tsunami tosubmarine earthquakes,but understanding of tsunamis nature remained slim until the 20th century and is the subject of ongoing research. Many earlygeological,geographical, and oceanographictexts refer to tsunamis as seismic sea waves. CHARACTERISTICS While everydaywin d waveshave awavelength(from crest to crest) of about 100meters (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2meters (6. 6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200kilometers (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800kilometers per hour (500 mph), but due to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has amplitude of only about 1meter (3. 3 ft). This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water. Ships rarely notice their passage.As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow,wave shoalingcompresses the wave and its velocity slows below 80kilometers per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20kilometers (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible wave. Since the wave still has such a long wavelength, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not break (like asur f break), but rather appears like a fast movingtidal bore.Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. When the tsunamis wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed run up. Run up is measured in meters above a reference sea level. A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run up. About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes.They are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, andbolides. GENERATION MECHANISMS The principal generation mechanism (or cause) of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually attributed to earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or more rarely by meteorites and nuclear tests. The waves formed in this way are then sustained by gravity. It is important to note thattidesdo not play any part in the generation of tsunamis hence referring to tsunamis as tidal waves is inaccurate.Seismicity generated tsunamis Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the earths crustal deformation when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami can be generated whenthrust faultsassociated withconvergentor destructiveplate boundariesmove abruptly, resulting in water displacement, due to the vertical component of movement involved.Movement on normal faults will also cause displacement of the seabed, but the size of the largest of such events is normally too small to give ri se to a significant tsunami. pic pic pic pic Drawing oftectonic plate Overriding plate bulges under Plate slips, causing The energy released produces boundarybefore earthquake. strain, causing tectonic uplift. subsidenceand releasing energy tsunami waves. into water. Tsunamis have a smallamplitude(wave height) offshore, and a very longwavelength(often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300millimeters (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in awave shoalingprocess described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas. On April 1, 1946, a magnitude-7. 8 (Richter scale)earthquakeoccurred near theAleutian Islands,Alaska.It generated a tsunami which inundatedHiloon the island of Hawaiis with a 14meters (46 ft) high surge. The area where theearthquakeoccurred is where thePacific Oceanfloor issubducting(or being pushed downwards) underAlaska. Examples of tsunami at locations away fromconvergent boundariesincludeStoreggaabout 8,000 years ago,Grand Banks1929,Papua New Guinea1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilized sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before traveling transoceanic distances.The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc. ) The1960 Valdivia earthquake(Mw9. 5) (1911 hrs UTC),1964 Alaska earthquake(Mw9. 2), and2004 Indian Ocean earthquake(Mw9. 2) (005853 UTC) are recent examples of powerful mega thrustearthquakes that generated tsunamis (known asteletsunamis) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (Mw4. 2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (calledlocaland regional tsunamis) that can only devastate nearby coasts, but can do so in only a few minutes.In the 1950s, it was discovered that larger tsunamis than had previously been believed possible could be caused by giantlandslides. These phenomena rapidly displace large water volumes, as energy from falling debris or expansion transfers to the water at a rate faster than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in Lituya Bay,Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 meters (over 1700 feet). The wave didnt travel far, as it struck land almost immediately. Two people fishing in the bay were killed, but another boat amazingly managed to ride the wave.Scientists named these wavesmega tsunami. Scientists discovered that extremely large landslides from volcanic island collapses can generatemega tsunami that can travel trans-oceanic distances. SCALES OF INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allo w comparison between different events. Intensity scales The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunami were theSieberg-Ambraseys scale, used in theMediterranean Seaand theImamura-Iida intensity scale, used in the Pacific Ocean.The latter scale was modified by Soloviev, who calculated the Tsunami intensityIaccording to the formula pic WhereHavis the average wave height along the nearest coast. This scale, known as theSoloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by theNGDC/NOAAand the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami. Magnitude scales The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy.Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used. Abe introduced thetsunami magnitude scaleMt, cal culated from, pic wherehis the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distanceRfrom the epicenter,a,b&Dare constants used to make the Mtscale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale. WARNINGS AND PREDICTIONS Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound), can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.In 2004, ten-year oldTilly SmithofSurrey,England, was onMaikhao beachinPhuket,Thailandwith her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney. In the2004 Indian Ocean tsunamidrawback was not reported on the African coast or any other eastern coasts it reached. This was because the wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and upwards on the western side.The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas. A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known. Geologists,oceanographers, and seismologistsanalyze each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom pressure sensors that are attached to buoys. The sensors constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.This is deduced through the calculation pic Where, P= the overlyingpressurein Newton per meter square, ? = thedensityof theseawater = 1. 1 x 103kg/m3, g= theacceleration due to gravity = 9. 8 m/s2and h= the height of the water column in meters. Hence for a water column of 5,000 m depth the overlying pressure is equal to pic Or about 5500tonnes-forceper square meter. Regions with a high tsunami risk typically usetsunami warning systemsto warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to Pacific Ocean tsunami, warning signs indicate evacuation routes.In Japan, the community is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along the Japanese shorelines the tsunami warning signs are reminders of the natural hazards together with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliff of surroundings hills. ThePacific Tsunami Warning Systemis based inHonolulu,Hawaii. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information trigger a tsunami warning. While the seduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate tsunami.Computers assist in analyzing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoi ning land masses. pic pic pic pic Tsunami hazard sign A tsunami warning sign on The monument to the victims of Tsunami memorial atBamfield,British Columbia aseawallinKamakura, Japan, tsunami at Laupahoehoe,Hawaii inKanyakumaribeach 2004. As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean. Computer models can predict tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors relay information in real time. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloors shape and coastaltopography, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami.All Pacific Rim countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practice evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such prepar ation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population. Some zoologists hypothesize that some animal species have an ability to sense subsonicRayleigh wavesfrom an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, monitoring their behavior could provide advance warning of earthquakes, tsunami etc. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted.There are unsubstantiated claims about the Lisbon quake that some animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources inSri Lankain the2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. 2122It is possible that certain animals (e. g. ,elephants) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result. It is not possible to prevent a tsunami.However, in some tsunami-prone countri es someearthquake engineeringmeasures have been taken to reduce the damage caused on shore. Japanbuilt many tsunami walls of up to 4. 5metres (15 ft) to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have builtfloodgatesand channels to redirect the water from incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunami often overtop the barriers. For instance, theOkushiri, Hokkaido tsunamiwhich struckOkushiri IslandofHokkaidowithin two to five minutes of theearthquake on July 12, 1993created waves as much as 30metres (100 ft) tallas high as a 10-story building.The port town of Aonae was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life. 23 Natural factors such as shoreline tree cover can mitigate tsunami effects. Some locations in t he path of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami escaped almost unscathed because trees such ascoconut palmsandmangrovesabsorbed the tsunamis energy.In one striking example, the village ofNaluvedapathyin IndiasTamil Naduregion suffered only minimal damage and few deaths because the wave broke against a forest of 80,244 trees planted along the shoreline in 2002 in a bid to enter theGuinness Book of Records. 24Environmentalists have suggested tree planting along tsunami-prone seacoasts. Trees require years to grow to a useful size, but such plantations could offer a much cheaper and longer-lasting means of tsunami mitigation than artificial barriers. The Love Canal chemical waste dumpIn 1920 Hooker Chemical had turned an area in Niagara Falls into a municipal and chemical disposal site. In 1953 the site was filled and relatively modern methods were applied to cover it. A thick layer of impermeable red clay sealed the dump, preventing chemicals from leaking out of the landfill. A city near the dumpsite wanted to buy it for urban expansion. Despite the warnings of Hooker the city eventually bought the site for the meager amount of 1 dollar. Hooker could not sell for more, because they did not want to earn money off a project so clearly unwise.The city began to dig to develop a sewer, damaging the red clay cap that covered the dumpsite below. Blocks of homes and a school were built and the neighborhood was named Love Canal. Love Canal seemed like a regular neighborhood. The only thing that distinguished this neighborhood from other was the strange odors that often hung in the air and an unusual seepage noticed by inhabitants in their basements and yards. Children in the neighborhood often fell ill. Love Canal families regularly experienced miscarriages and birth defects.Lois Gibbs, an activist, noticed the high occurrence of illness and birth defects in the area and started documenting it. In 1978 newspapers revealed the existence of the chemical waste dump in the Love Can al area and Lois Gibbs started petitioning for closing the school. In August 1978, the claim succeeded and the NYS Health Department ordered closing of the school when a child suffered from chemical poisoning. When Love Canal was researched over 130 pounds of the highly toxic carcinogenic TCDD, a form of dioxin, was discovered. The total of 20. 00 tons of waste present in the landfill appeared to contain more than 248 different species of chemicals. The waste mainly consisted of pesticide residues and chemical weapons research refuse. The chemicals had entered homes, sewers, yards and creeks and Gibbs decided it was time for the more than 900 families to be moved away from the location. Eventually President Carter provided funds to move all the families to a safer area. Hookers parent company was sued and settled for 20 million dollars. Despite protests by Gibbss organization some of the houses in Love Canal went up for sale some 20 years later.The majority of the houses are on the market now and the neighborhood may become inhabited again after 20 years of abandonment. The houses in Love Canal are hard to sell, despite a renaming of the neighborhood. It suffered such a bad reputation after the incident that banks refused mortgages on the houses. None of the chemicals have been removed from the dumpsite. It has been resealed and the surrounding area was cleaned and declared safe. Hookers mother company paid an additional 230 million dollars to finance this cleanup. They are now responsible for the management of the dumpsite.Today, the Love Canal dumpsite is known as one of the major environmental disasters of the century. **** Love Canal is an abandoned canal in Niagara County, New York, where a huge amount of toxic waste was buried. The waste was composed of at least 300 different chemicals, totaling an estimated 20,000 metric tons. The existence of the waste was discovered in the 1970s when families living in homes subsequently built next to the site found c hemical wastes seeping up through the ground into their basements, forcing them to eventually abandon their homes.Love Canal was used from the 1940s through the 1950s by the Hooker Chemical Company and the city of Niagara Falls, among others, to dispose of their hazardous and municipal wastes and other refuse. The canal was surrounded by clay and was thought at the time to be a safe place for disposaland, in fact, burying chemicals in the canal was probably safer than many other methods and sites used for chemical disposal at the time. In 1953, the Niagara Falls Board of Education bought the land-fill for $1 and constructed an elementary school with playing fields on the site.Roads and sewer lines were added and, in the early 1970s, single-family homes were built adjacent to the site. Following a couple of heavy rains in the mid-1970s, the canal flooded and chemicals were observed on the surface of the site and in the basements of houses abutting the site. Newspaper coverage, invest igations by the State of New York and by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, combined with pressure from the districts U. S. congressional representative and outrage on the part of local residents, led to the declaration of a health emergency involving great and imminent peril to the health of the general public. Ultimately, in August, 1978, a decision was made by Governor Hugh Carey, supported by the White House, to evacuate the residents and purchase 240 homes surrounding the site. Shortly thereafter, the residents of nearby homes that did not immediately abut the site also became concerned about their health and conducted a health survey that purported to show an increase in the occurrence of various diseases and problems such as birth defects and miscarriages, which were attributed to chemical exposures.A great controversy ensued over whether the observations were real or reflected normal rates of such problems, and whether chemical exposures had, in fact, occurred. Event ually, political pressure resulted in families being given an opportunity to leave and have their homes purchased by the State. About 70 homes remained occupied in 1989 by families who chose not to move. The controversy at Love Canal followed on the heels of the heightened awareness that occurred in the 1960s about environmental contamination, and it contributed to public and regulatory concern about hazardous wastes, waste disposal, and disclosure of such practices.Such concerns led Congress to pass the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) in 1976, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund bill, in 1980. When CERCLA was passed, few were aware of the extent of the problem potentially created by years of inappropriate or inadequate hazardous waste disposal practices. Since implementing CERCLA, the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency has identified more than 40,000 potentially contaminated Superfund sites. The Gulf War In August 1990 Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait, starting the Gulf War in which an allegiance of 34 nations worldwide was involved. In January1991of the Gulf War, Iraqi forces committed two environmental disasters. The first was a major oil spill 16 kilometers off the shore of Kuwait by dumping oil from several tankers and opening the valves of an offshore terminal. The second was the setting fire to 650 oil wells in Kuwait.The apparent strategic goal of the action was to prevent a potential landing by US Marines. American air strikes on January 26 destroyed pipelines to prevent further spillage into the Gulf. This however seemed to make little difference. Approximately one million tons of crude oil was already lost to the environment, making this the largest oil spill of human history. In the spring of 1991, as many as 500 oil wells were still burning and the last oil well was not extinguished until a few months later, in Nov ember.The oil spills did considerable damage to life in the Persian Gulf (see picture). Several months after the spill, the poisoned waters killed 20. 000 seabirds and had caused severe damage to local marine flora and fauna. The fires in the oil wells caused immense amounts of soot and toxic fumes to enter the atmosphere. This had great effects on the health of the local population and biota for several years. The pollution also had a possible impact on local weather patterns.

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the worlds largest public service broadcaster that was founded in 1992 with the aim of educating, entertaining and enriching the public with information conveyed through with(predicate) broadcasted programs. The expansion and success of BBC can be attributed to the business-level strategies that the corporation implements from the time the company was established to present. BBC was able to incorporate strategies into its institutional culture which ensured it gained competitive advantage.The corporation gave its organization a unique identification mark that was appealing to customers when it opened stand alone stores that were highly visible, provided ample parking space and located the stores in urban areas which contain large numbers of potential customers (Hill & Gareth, 2004). Moreover, the corporation identified its customers, their needs and thus implemented strategies that were geared towards satisfying their demands. For insta nce the corporation offered a gigantic variety of tapes a fact that ensured BBC met the desires of its customers.The corporation was as well able to manage a long lasting relationship with its customers by devising a schema that allowed customers to stay longer with the rented movies a mechanism that helped the corporation to further fulfill the needs of its customers (Hill & Gareth, 2004). Furthermore, BBC offered and enhanced superiority value to its organizational culture and reputation by employing efficient strategies which allowed customers to access the tapes easily and at a faster rate by arranging them alphabetically and separating new movie releases from the older ones.The corporation too incorporated advanced technology into its operations which allowed customers to have a comfortable and easy time while at the store, for instance the use of the laser bar-code digital scanner technology to access required information from the movie cassettes and customers ID tags the reby consuming little time of customers (Hill & Gareth, 2004).Although the corporation has managed to open and successfully run BBC branches globally it was also faced with challenges that forced it to close down some of its stores this is because of the improper market research strategies the corporation implemented to learn and get acquitted with the market environment, the likes and dislikes of potential customers. For instance BBC was forced to close down the stores it had opened up in Hong Kong and China because the profitability of the corporation was challenged by piracy which is highly ranked in China because of poor implementation of patent policies and regulations.BBC was also forced to close down the stores it had opened in Germany because the corporation was unable to fulfill the desires of the consumers that demanded provision of movies and programs which contained strength and sex rated captions in their themes, demands that were against the principles and policies o f the corporation (Hill & Gareth, 2004). In 1927 the British Monarchy granted the Corporation a Royal Charter protecting its independence from the manipulation and influences of snobby and governmental sectors a fact that enables the organization to cater fully to the needs of its customers.The products and services provided by BBC are original because of the opportunity that the charter prevails of allowing the corporation to be innovative thus providing products that are of high quality. BBC is also able to easily penetrate into the global market where it widens its scope of customers and utilizes the resources prevailed to maximize its operations, performance and profitability.However, BBC must enact public value in all its operations and has no control of members appointed to run the corporation because the appointments are done by the Queen downstairs the advice of ministers. Since it is a state corporation, BBC can not make decisions that are geared towards benefiting the o rganization without considering the welfare of the society like private sectors do (Hill & Gareth, 2004). Word matter 632 Reference List Hill, W. C. & Gareth, R. J. (2004). Strategic Management Theory An Integrated Approach, Annual Update. 6th Ed. Boston, Massachusetts Houghton Mifflin.

What Is the Best Way of Explaining Football Hooliganism?

What is the dress hat means of explaining football hooliganism? Serious sport has nix to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence. In separate words it is warfare minus the shooting. (Oswell, 1945) The best way to explain football hooliganism is to perceive it in the same context as war. Like war, football hooliganism has different factors that all sum up to the all overall goal.Although the goal of separately is initially considered as overtly different war, to some, is demonstrated as a positive thing, especially within the companionable apparent movement of futurism, while football hooliganism is, as a whole, a negative as portrayed mostly by the media there are however, similarities among the cardinal that brook yet to be further explored. To demonstrate this I go outing gain further insight into, what I believe are, the similarities of war and football hooliganism. I ordain do this by studying and explaining the three main attri justes of each, which are Territory, maleness, and the moral labels each social group follows.With dominion I will compare how the two groups defend and protect their homelands and how they attain a sense of pride by calling someone elses land. Although they conduct this in different ways, I will hopefully be able to present how similar their process of achieving this are. Through the study of maleness, I will explore the symbolic content that each present, in order to achieve a high status of being a real man. How they vilify their rivals is also studied, in order to make them feel less worthy or manly, including how fashion and equivalent play an important role.Before concluding my findings, I will explore how moral codes get along internal fair plays within each social group, to which each must continue in their realms of fighting, focusing specifically on the rule that non-combatants or civilians are not to be h gird during combat, and how each group distinguishes combatants and civilians from one another. I will support my studys by using my own methodological research in which I inter grabed an anonymous football hooligan, who we will name as Darren I will also purpose Anthony Kings The post-modernity of football hooliganism (1997) journal article, T. W.Reesers Masculinities in theory An introduction, and Michael Byers Understanding international law and armed conflict War legal philosophy (2005). By using the respective(a) sources, as express above, I hope to be able to support my claim that football hooliganism can be explained in the same context as war, through three important components Territory, masculinity and moral codes in which I have identified similarities among the two social groups. Hooliganisms central confrontation involved the taking of the ends, where fans would seek to infiltrate the opponents terrace and assert their claim to the space.This ritual istic combat was hyperbolically described as war (between nations) by many fans, but rarely involved the conquest of a complete terrace. (King, 1997) The above quote take upn from Anthony Kings article on the post-modernity of football hooliganism proves us that the idea of hooliganism has similarities with the concept of war. This is not only shown through my own evidence, but also by football hooligans themselves. During colonisation, the British army would claim other territories in different countries and claim them as constituent of Britain.They would do this by capturing towns and cities, and forcing the surrender of the national people. The ultimate aim was to protect Britain and also show the world that we were a strong, independent kingdom, with a powerful army, that could take over other nations with ease. Today, war is conducted differently. Colonisation is a thing of the past, instead of taking over and claiming other nations, the British army demonstrate their pr esence in other countries, and set up base camps within foreign towns as their own to claim these as part of their territory.Football hooligans use a technique similar to that of the colonisation period. On a match day, hooligans will show their strength and power by attempting to claim something of the oppositions. This varies from terraces to pubs, and sometimes to streets. During my interview with Darren, he back up this claim by stating, when asked for an explanation of football hooliganism, Just taking liberties, going to other peoples manors, in their pubs, taking over, calling them out, defending our territory, and taking over theirs (Darren, personal interview, Jan 2012).Most hooligans will confirm that the method of taking enemy territory is trashing the place they have captured. This is significant to the process of claiming territory as it places a mark on the oppositions name, letting them and other firms know that they the ability to control, sometimes with the use of specialised stickers with the perpetrators signature (which is usually the clubs emblem and a short message). In terms of similarities with war, when the British army would claim a territory for their own, they would mark it with the union jack flag, showing that they were now in charge so to speak.As shown above, in terms of territory, we can see the similarities between war and football hooliganism through the way in which they some(prenominal) mark their territory and set about claiming oppositions territory. Within both social groups, soldiers and hooligans both have the belief that they are fighting for something, a higher being than themselves for soldiers it is for Queen and country for hooligans it is for their team and local area. They both organise, plan and prepare for the execution of their actions, both knowing the risks of their actions, and are willing to take the risks to fight for what they believe is the ultimate cause.According to T. W. Reeser (2010), one way in which to view masculinity is to look at it as an ideology, instead of an individualised creation. Observing masculinity within this context allows us to see various concepts of masculinity within different institutions and groups. This theory can work on many levels and can be associated with many institutions such as the army, sports and the business world. If we view the ideology of masculinity within the army, it shows us that the state needs the army to present themselves as the best they can be, an example being the armys slogan army, be the best.The way in which soldiers are disciplined and taught how to present themselves is all part of their training in masculinity. As a soldier, the unvaried is what sets you apart from the public. It is the symbolic meaning of the uniform and weapon that a soldier possesses that is important in showing others their ideology of masculinity. When we, as the public, see a male soldier, in camouflage uniform holding a gun, we instantly see w hat is meant to be a real man. The uniform, particularly honorary medals, shows us that the person has served his country and fought against others in battle.The uniform represents the country that the soldier is fighting for and the gun is his weapon that he uses against the opposition, to disarm and hurt them. They affirm their masculinity through organised and planned attacks, when they succeed in disarmament the opposition, or a bullet that reaches its target, is a soldiers way of removing the oppositions masculinity and building on their own. Football hooligans follow the same ideology of masculinity that soldiers do. They learn from their peers how to assoil and act, and have a uniform to abide by, which, like soldiers, is a symbol of their masculinity.The uniform football hooligans wear is not as much a statement of authority, but a statement of fashion. The uniform is known as the unconcerned look, which involves wearing top brand names of polo t-shirts, jumpers, jeans and trainers, and in some cases what is known as the yaw coat, a coat which disguises your face but allows the hooligan to see through a pair of inbuilt goggles. They use this uniform to tell each other apart, a way of knowing who is there to fight and who is not. The casual look, its a way of telling people apart, you know who is who. (Darren, personal interview, Jan 2012) Darren supports this in the above quote. The casual look is a uniform which symbolises their masculinity to others around them. As soldiers will use their guns as another sign of masculinity and to vilify their opponents, hooligans instead will use their chants and songs. The chants and songs are specifically created to vilify their rivals, and mostly speak of the opposition as being sexually perverse, diminutive phallic references and mocking their sexual performance.This is supported by Anthony King in his article on the post-modernity of football hooliganism. Through the support of a football team, the male fan affirms his status as a man (in the eyes of his peers and himself) and also articulates the nature of that manhood. A central practice in the re- constitution of manhood in football is the communal chanting in which fans participate. Through these songs, male fans re-affirm and re-negotiate the partially sub-conscious idea of their masculinity. (King, 1997)In terms of masculinity within the army and football hooliganism, we can see that the similarities are, the way each uses a uniform and weapon as a symbol of their masculinity. Although the uniform and weapons are different, the way each presents themselves within their uniform and the way they use their weapon to vilify and channelize their rivals masculinity is similar. It is a way in which each know who their rivals are. Which also links in with the moral codes that each social group abides by. Any armed conflict involves two broad categories of individuals Combatants and non-combatants (who are also referred to as civilians ). International humanistic law protects both categories of person, though non-combatants are shield more than those who take up arms (Byers, 2005) In the above quote, Michael Byers explains the humanitarian law that armies around the world are expected to follow. The British army abide by these and use them as a moral code as well as a law. The harming of civilians is prohibited, and only other combatants can be return fired at.As said in terms of masculinity, the army uses uniforms and weapons as a means of telling combatants and non-combatants apart. The harming of an innocent civilian can prompt an official prosecution of the soldier who stretch out fired, unless there is reasonable evidence to claim that they believed the individual was in fact a combatant. Football hooligans also follow a strict moral code similar to that of the army. Football hooligans distinguish each other through the clothes they wear and the chants they use.It is an unspoken rule that if someone is not part of the hooligan nuance then they cannot be harmed or made to participate in the battles that take place. This is shown in a quote from Darrens interview The casual look, its a way of telling people apart, you know who is who We dont just kick the f**k out of a random person, only people who want to have a course of study back. (Darren, personal interview, Jan 2012) This sets football hooliganism apart from just random street fights. With the presence of moral codes, we can see that football hooliganism is more create and strategically balanced then first thought.It is not simply about fighting like primitive men in the streets, but about the set and planning that surround it, the certainty that where you are going will not be surrounded by civilians who do not want to be part of this culture. The consequences of a civilian being harmed is most likely the shame that will be burdened upon you by your peers, and in some cases, taught a lesson in that you will be expected to r eceive punishment through violence by your peers who are ranked more superior then you.Continuing on the theme of similarities, the humanitarian laws and moral codes that both social groups follow is similar in the way that each are expected to abide by rules that prevent them from harming civilians who are not involved in their particular conflict. The consequences of their actions, should they breach this, is the prosecution of themselves through court marshals and/or violent punishment from their superiors. As presented above, we can see that war and football hooliganism have various similarities.This shows us that we can explain football hooliganism in terms of war using three attributes Territory, masculinity and the humanitarian law/ moral codes that both must abide by. Although the ultimate goal can be seen as directly different, it is the way in which both of these social groups plan and participate in their battles. The taking of territory and confirming their presence is s imilar in that both mark the territory claimed with the use of a flag or sticker.The uniform and weapon is symbolic for both, in the way it presents and confirms their masculinity, whilst causing a negative impact on their oppositions masculinity. When fighting, both will abide by the same rules that civilians are not to be harmed in any way, or face the consequences of going against these rules, which involves being persecuted by others superior than themselves. Although soldiers fighting in wars are labeled as passionate heroes, whilst football hooligans are vilified as thugs, we can notice the similarities of the two social groups when placed in the context of war.The addictive adrenaline buzz associated with each group during battle is what spurs them on, gives them the power to keep fighting, and is what keeps them going back for more. Darren describes this buzz as Better than sex. (Darren, personal interview, Jan 2012) Throughout this essay, masculinity has made a continuous appearance, in some cases it is more disguised, but still apparent. This shows us that masculinity, and proving they have an adequately sized manhood, is the real connection substructure war and football hooliganism.Overall, the best way to explain football hooliganism is in the same context as war through territory, humanitarian law/ moral codes and of course, masculinity. BIBLIOGRAPHY Byers, M (2005). War Law Understanding international law and armed conflict. London Atlantic books. p. 9. King, A. (Dec 1997). The Postmodernity of Football Hooliganism. The British Journal of Sociology. 48 (4), p. 576-593. Orwell, G (1945). The Sporting Spirit. London Tribune. Reeser, T. W (2010). Masculinities in theory An introduction. London Blackwell Publishing. Chapter 1.