MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY - Assignment Example From both excel, and the formulae, the mean is 50.8, which is different from the mode and the median, which are 58 and 57, respectively. However, the figures are roughly close to each other showing that is spent over 50 minutes everyday in physical fitness activities. The numbers are lower than I expected since I work out for a whole hour every day. This means that I spend a couple of minutes in switching from one activity to another. The time I spend in switching from one activity to another and the time I spend on different physical fitness activities add up to sixty minutes per day. The most effective measure of the central tendency, as far as the mean, median, and mode is the mean. This is because of the fact that it utilizes 100 percent of all the data in the sample (Walpole, 2010). The other measures of central tendencies, including the median and mode do not utilize all the information provided. Mean helps in performing further mathematical calculations thus helping in conducting more statistical tests. For example, it helps in the calculation of standard deviation, variances, as well as, significance tests. Additionally, it has an algebraic definition (Bertsekas, 2002). The mean is applicable in the probability theory to generate probability distributions. Such distributions do not utilize other measures of central tendencies including the median and the mode. Mean as well has some weaknesses, for example, the presence of outliers in the data lowers its accuracy. Its strengths, as a measure of central tendency, outweigh its weaknesses. To draw the box plot, one utilizes the 25th percentile, the 50th percentile, and the 75th percentile. The 25th percentile is the lowest score, which is greater than 25 percent of the scores. Using excel, the 25th percentile is 41. This means that the highest figure of the first 25 percent of the data is 41. The 50th percentile is equal to the median.

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is to study the geometry of paths of lights and their imagery through optical systems. Light will be treated as a form of energy which travels in straight lines called rays. When light comes to be regarded as waves, it will be seen that shadows cast by objects are not as sharp as rectili (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson) (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010)near propagation suggests due to diffraction and interference effects of wave. Thus, there is a simple assumption for geometrical optics, which is rays of light propagate along straight lines until they get reflected, refracted, or absorbed at a surface. 2 Fermats Principle 2.1 Background Fermats Principle, also known as the principle of the shortest optical path, was introduced by Pierre de Fermat in the early seventeenth century. This principle is used to state and explain the motion of light ray through different media, which helps to demonstrate laws of reflection and refraction later on. 2.2 Theory The path of a light ray connecting two points is the one for which the time of transit, but not the length, is a minimum. The time, T , for a light ray through space to travel from a point A to another point B can be calculated as: It is known that is velocity, which can also be regarded as for light, where c is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the medium. Thus, we have Then the path taken by light should be the path that minimizes this integral, which would be: Therefore, it is the fact that light will travel along paths of stationary optical path length, where the optical path length is a local maximum or minimum with respect to any small variation in the path. And many paths will take exactly the same time to travel from point A to point B. (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010) 3. Reflection 3.1 Derivation for Law of Reflection In general, law of reflection states that when a light ray incident upon a reflective surface, it will be reflected with an reflective angle that exactly equal to the incident angle with respect to the normal of the surface. Law of reflection can be dervied from Fermats Principle. Assume that the medium of the light travel is homogeneous, we haveC:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .png Total path length S from A to B is Based on Fermats Principle we know that light would travel the path with minimum time. As in homogeneous medium, light travels with a constant speed and therefore the minimum time path is equilvant to the minimum distance path, which can be obtained by taking the first derivative of S with respect to x. which is sinà £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = sin à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC Thus shows that à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥AOC = à £Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¥BOC, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection NB: It has to be reminded that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 3.2 Specular and Diffuse Reflection In details, there are two types of reflection Specular reflection and diffuse reflection. http://titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/images/ImagesPhy106/lesson2.gif Specular or regular reflection is said to occur when parallel rays reflect from a high smooth and flat surface. For instance, a flashlight beam is said to have specular reflection as the reflective surface is mirror which is highly smooth and it, hence, makes the reflected beams travel towards the same direction in parallel as in (a). Most object, however, reflect light diffusely and the rays in an incident parallel beam are reflected in many direction as in (b) because of diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is due to the surface of the object not being perfectly smooth like a mirror. In fact, under microscopic scale, the surface of most of objects, if not all, is quite rough. Although at each point on the surface the law of reflection is observed, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection varies from point to point. Each of the initially parallel rays, therefore, is reflected in a different direction. 3.3 Mirror Concepts and its Applications 3.3.1 Image Formation with Mirrors Mirrors, undoubtedly, are ubiquitous in daily, especially used in mirror and optical instruments for gathering light and forming images. Law of reflection can be applied to use in locating the reflected image graphically as long as the size, location and orientation of the object is known. 3.3.1.1 Images in Plane Mirrors Images with mirrors are formed when many non-parallel light beams are reflected from the mirror surface and converge to form a corresponding image point. Image formed by plane mirror is erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopreflection in mirror.png For a point object, in Fig 3.3.1.1a, rays from the object at O are reflected in all directions based on the laws of reflection so that they appear to come from a point I behind the mirror and this is where the observer imagines the image to be. For an extended object, in Fig 3.3.1.1b, the image of a point A on the object is at A, and two points are being equidistant from the mirror. Similarly, the image of point B is at B. The image size, therefore, is identical to the object seize, giving a magnification of unity. However, the right-hand side of the object becomes the left-hand side of the image and vice versa. The image is said to be laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopmirror extended object.png To conclude, a planar mirror is strictly stigmatic in nature Any incident rays issued from point A gives reflected rays passing through point B symmetrically to A with regard to the plane of the mirror. B, hence, is the image of A. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.1.2 Images in Curved Mirrors There are mainly two types of spherical mirrors, concave and convex. Similar to planar mirror, image can be traced using the law of reflection. Unlike image formed by planar mirror, which is always erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted, the image formed by a spherical mirror and its nature depend on the distance of the object from the mirror. To construct the image, we assume that small objects on the principal axes of mirrors of small aperture are being considered so that all rays are paraxial. Point images will, thus, be formed of points on the object. For concave mirrors, also known as converging mirrors because of their action on a parallel beam of light, is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface that bulges inward. The formation of image using concave mirror can be in different locations of the object can be concluded by the following figure. Concave Mirror The nature of image using concave mirror and its applications are summarized as below: Position of the object Position of the image Nature and size of the image Use At infinity At the focus Real, inverted and diminished As collector of radiation in solar heating devices Beyond the centre of curvature Between the focus and the centre of curvature Real, inverted and diminished At the centre of curvature At centre of curvature Real, inverted and same size as object As a reflecting mirror behind a projector lamp Between the focus and centre of curvature Beyond the centre of curvature Real, inverted and magnified In flood lights At focus At infinity Real, inverted and magnified As a reflecting mirror in car, head lights, search lights etc. Between the pole of the mirror and the focus Appears behind the mirror Virtual, erect and magnified As a shaving mirror or makeup mirror and dentists mirror (Katz, 2002) For convex mirrors, also known as diverging mirrors reflect the incoming parallel light beams to form divergent beams which appear to come from a point behind the mirror.Convex Mirror Unlike that in concave mirrors, the nature of image formed by convex mirror is always virtual, diminished and erect. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.2 Derivation of the mirror formula Mirror formula is useful when we have to calculate the image location. Using triangles 2 and 3, we have,http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/mimg232.gif While using trangles 2 and 4, we have, Where is the image distance, is the object distance, f is the focal length, is the image height and is the object height It should be noticed that the sign convention is to be used in mirror formula. A real object or image distance is positive while a virtual object or image distance is negative. Magnification of a mirror image, m, can also be calculated by 3.3.3 Mirror instruments 3.3.3.1 Catoptric Systems Catoptric Systems is the system that merely consists of mirrors for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) 3.3.3.1.1 Newtonian telescopehttp://bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/images/newtonian.jpg Newtonian telescope is the first reflecting telescope invented by Isaac Newton in 1668. It consists of a concave primary mirror and a small flat diagonal secondary mirror. In a bid to have a stigmatic axial image, a concave mirror has to be applied to act as a primary mirror and it reflects light back up the scope axis to the secondary mirror which is titled at 45o to the axis. The secondary mirror, which is a small plane mirror, is placed in the path of beams reflected by the primary mirror in order to divert the rays to one side of the tube. The reason for choosing a small mirror to act as secondary mirror is to prevent the influx of light beams is blocked from reaching the primary mirror. Pros of the Newtonian telescope Cons of the Newtonian telescope Less expensive Reduction of light intensity due to the blockage of central flat plane Shorter focal ratio leads a wider field of view Easily suffer from coma (i.e. an off-axis aberration) Free of chromatic aberration Simpler fabrication (Kitchin, 2012) 3.3.3.1.2 Cassegrain Telescope http://www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/telescopes/cassegrain.gif Cassegrain Telescope is another type of reflecting telescope employing two principal mirrors, a concave parabolic primary mirror like the Newtonians, but its secondary one is a convex hyperboloidal mirror. It makes use of the special properties of parabolic and hyperbolic reflectors. A concave parabolic reflector will reflect all incoming light rays parallel to its axis of symmetry to a single point, the focus. A convex hyperbolic reflector has two foci and will reflect all light rays directed at one of its two foci towards its other focus. The mirrors in this type of telescope are designed and positioned so that they share one focus and so that the second focus of the hyperbolic mirror will be at the same point at which the image is to be observed, usually just outside the eyepiece. The parabolic mirror reflects parallel light rays entering the telescope to its focus, which is also the focus of the hyperbolic mirror. The hyperbolic mirror then reflects those light rays to its other focus, where the image is observed. (Waland, 1990) 3.3.3.1.3 Gregorian telescope http://s4.hubimg.com/u/7341531_f520.jpg Gregorian telescope employs concave parabolic mirror to act as both primary and secondary mirror in this reflecting telescope. The light that first enters the tube is reflected by the primary concave mirrors and directed towards the secondary mirror, which is also a concave mirror. It will reflect the rays out to the telescope through the hole in its center. Observer can therefore view the image formed on the eyepiece. (Trà ¼mper, 2010) 3.3.3.2 Catadioptric Systems Catadioptric system, on the other hand, is the system that consists of both mirrors and lenses for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) Catadioptric Systems will not be included in this paper. 3.4 Other Applications 3.4.1 Optical lever and light-beam galvanometers Galvanometer is an instrument that used to measure very small electric currents. Some sensitive galvanometers would use a beam of light in conjunction with a small mirror as a pointer. When there exists current flowing in the electric wire, a tiny mirror that is fixed to the part of the meter will rotate. And a light beam from a fixed lamp falls on the mirror and is reflected onto a translucent scale. For a given current, the longer the pointer (i.e. the reflected beam) the greater the deflection observed on the scale. This simply applies the reflective nature of light wave. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006)http://www.daviddarling.info/images/moving-coil_galvanometer.jpg 3.4.2 Red-eye effect The Red-eye effect is a common phenomenon in photography. It occurs when the photographic flash unit place closely to the camera lens. Normally, the rationale of photo-taking is that light from the flash unit enters the eye and is reflected back to the camera lens. Nevertheless, under dark environment, pupil diameter would increase due to contraction of radial muscle fibers and relaxation of circular muscle fibers of iris under autonomic nervous system and therefore more light beams can enter into the retina of the eye. And the reflected light from the retina is red because of largely blood vessels in Choroid. It, therefore, gives the Red-eye effect in photograph. 3.4.3 Headlight of Carhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dtZnF3MgZVc/T4_Rn6nSbaI/AAAAAAAAAtw/tzoIpGW9oFU/s1600/infiniti+headlight.jpg It employs concave parabolic mirrors at the front of the car, which acts as reflectors in the head lights of cars, search lights etc. 3.4.4 Dentists Mirrorhttp://cdn7.fotosearch.com/bthumb/FSA/FSA132/x12292469.jpg Dentists Mirror applies reflection to reflect and focus light on the tooth so that dentists can be examined in detail. 3.4.5 Optical Comparatorhttp://www.worldoftest.com/img/products/qv300_1.jpg Optical Comparator is an instrument that projects a magnified image or profile of a part onto a screen for comparison to a standard overlay profile or scale based on the principles of optics. The comparator, basically, is a non-contact device, which frequently used to measure, test, inspect, gauge or examine parts for compliance with specifications. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006) 3.4.6 Security Convex Mirrorhttp://dgmglass.com/images/mirrors/security/mirror-s-3.jpg One of the distinguish feature of convex mirror is the widely view range. Therefore, convex mirror is applied to act as a security mirror in blind junctions of roads or at corners of walls of bug buildings. The person that is approaching from other side would be shown when the mirror is positioned properly. 3.4.7 Rear-view mirror in an automobilehttp://transport-futures.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rear-view-mirror.jpg Knowing that the size of image of an object would be smaller when the object comes closer to the convex mirror, this unique feature can be applied to use on automobiles as rear view mirrors so that the diver can clearly view an approaching vehicle. 3.4.8 Submarines PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktopreflecting Periscope.png A periscope is a mirror instrument for observation from a concealed position. It works by employing two mirrors at 45o to each other, reflecting light rays from one place to another and finally out to the persons eye. 4 Refraction 4.1 Law of Refraction Qualitatively, when a light wave, which in fact composed of oscillating Electric fields and Magnetic field, crosses from a low optically density medium, say vacuum into a high optically density medium, say glass, E-Field and B-Fields are altered in terms of magnitude and direction of travel by the charges in the glass. Law of refraction, however, can be proved mathematically as follows: The first medium is supposed to be faster than the second medium and the speeds of propagation in 1st medium and 2nd medium are and respectively, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n1, n2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1. C:UsersLenovoDropboxU life2012-13, year2, 1st semesterCCST 9042 The world of wavesSnellslaw_diagram2.png Then, we have to evaluate the time taken by light ray from P to Q, which is Based on Fermats Principle, light travels the path with the least time. Thus, in an attempt to minimize the transit time, we set the derivative of time is zero and we have: By trigonometry, we have As and, we have This is Law of refraction, also known as Snell-Descartes law. NB: Similar to law of reflection, the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 4.2 Total internal reflection According to Snells law, when a light travels from one a medium with a higher optical density, to a medium with a lower optical density, say from glass to air, it will be refracted away from the normal (i.e. Ray C in Fig 4.2a) and a weak internally reflected ray is, meanwhile, formed (i.e. Ray B in Fig 4.2a) C:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 33.png Increasing the angle of incidence i increases the angle of refraction r, and at a certain angle of incidence c, called the critical angle, the reflected ray beam just emerges along the surface of the glass and the angle of refraction is 90o (i.e. Ray D in Fig 4.2b). In Fig 4.2 c, as the incident angle is increased continuously above critical angle (i.e. i > c), the refracted angle will be higher than 90o and sin r > 1, which is impossible and no refraction is possible. At this stage the internally reflected ray becomes bright and the refracted ray disappears. Hence, total internal reflection is now said to be occurring since all the incident light is reflected inside the optically denser medium. Mathematically, the critical angle can be found based on Snells law, which is Assume that n1 is refractive index of optically denser medium, n2 is refractive index of optically less dense medium, ÃŽÂ ¸1 is the critical angle of denser medium and ÃŽÂ ¸2 is the angle of refraction in less denser medium. All in all, for Total internal reflection to happen: Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium. Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle (i.e. i > c.) 4.3 Thin Lenses Thin lens is a lens that its axial thickness is small compared to the radii of curvature of its surfaces. (I.e. The thickness of the lens is negligible compared with the focal length of the lens) There are mainly two types of thin lenses, Converging thin lenses and Diverging thin lenses. Converging thin lenses, also known as convex lenses, direct parallel light rays bending toward one another after passing through them Diverging thin lenses, or so-called concave lenses, cause parallel light beams to spread as the leave the lens.http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6lXrPj04wfnztVlEvIlewlbzvIzhu_60Cup8oDYd840MY3w0SiOxnzxaVrQ 4.3.1 Image Formed by Thin Lenses 4.3.1.1 Convex Lens Ray DiagramFormation of Image by a Convex Lens Object is located between focus and lens The image is: Virtual Erect Magnifiedobject at F1 2. Object is located at focus The image is: Real Inverted Magnified 3. Object is located between focus and F2 The image is:object between F2 F1 Real Inverted Magnified 4. Object is located at F2object between O F2 The image is: Real Inverted Same size as the object 5. Object is located beyond F2object beyond F2 The image is: Real Inverted Diminished 6. Object is located at infinityobject infinity The image is: Real Inverted Highly diminished 4.3.1.2 Concave Lens Ray Diagram 1. Object is located between focus and mirrorconcave lens object F O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 2. Object is located between mirror and infinityconcave lens object infinity O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 3. Object is located at infinityconcave lens object at infinity The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 4.3.2 Derivation of the lens formula for thin lenses Gaussian lens formula, also known as lens formula, can be derived as follow: http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/university_physics_notes/optics/university_physics_notes_proof_of_thin_lens_equation_html_5c3e1e20.gif As, (1) Where O is the size of the object and I is the size of the image. Also, Thus, Combine with (1), we have NB: The Cartesian Sign Convention for thin lens formulas are as follow: Light travels initially from left to right toward the lens. Object distance p is positive for real objects located to the left of the lens and negative for virtual objects located to the right of the lens. Image distance q is positive for real images formed to the right of the lens and negative for virtual images formed to the left of the lens. The focal length f is positive for a converging lens, negative for a diverging lens. The radius of curvature r is positive for a convex surface, negative for a concave surface. Transverse distances are positive above the optical axis, negative below (Katz, 2002) 4.3.3 Power of a Lens The optical power of the lens is used to describe the bending ability of lens in term of power. Basically the power of a lens of focal length f is, Power, in the case, can be expressed in m-1as the unit of power is diopter 1 D = 1m-1 Therefore, if there exists a convex of power 1D, its focal length equals to 1 meter. 4.4 Optical instruments 4.4.1 Prismshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif Optical prisms are components that commonly used in optical experimental arrangements and optical instruments, with the role of illustrating dispersion of light beams. Rather than showing the complicated mathematical proof such as derivation of minimum deviation, application of prism will be illustrated below. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.1 Prism BinocularsC:UsersGaryDesktopprism.png Prism Binoculars consist of a pair of refracting astronomical telescopes with two totally reflecting prisms (angles 90o, 45o, and 45o) between each objective and eyepiece. Prism A causes lateral inversion and prism B inverts verticallt so that the final image is the same way round and the same way up as the object. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.2 PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktoppp.png Periscope, apart from using two reflecting mirror, employs two prisms. Under the occurring of total internal reflection on the hypotenuse, the incident rays and reflected rays are symmetric with regard to a plane orthogonal to the hypotenuse. In the case of normal incidence on one side of the right angle, the incident and reflected beams are orthogonal. 4.4.2 Magnifying Glasshttp://blog.timesunion.com/opinion/files/2011/02/0217_WVinternet.jpg Magnifying glass, also called Simple microscope, consist of a converging lens forming a virtual, upright, magnified image of an object placed inside its principal focus. For an object of height h is viewed at the near point by the unaided eye, the visual angle is, where D is the least distance of distinct visionhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_m367c081d.gif Now the object is placed at distance u from the lens, the visual angle subtended by its image is given by http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_f9ca6a7.gif The angular magnification is, therefore, given by 4.4.3 Compound Microscope Compound Microscope is a kind of optical instrument that uses visible light and a lens system to magnify images of small samples. C:UsersGaryDesktopcompound micropound.png The lens L1 nearer to the object, called the objective, forms a real, magnified, inverted image I1 of an object O placed just outside its principal focus Fo. I1 is just inside the principal focus Fo of the second lens L2, called the eyepiece, which act as a magnifying glass and produces a magnified, virtual image I2 of I1. In normal adjustment, the final image I2 lies at the near point. Then the visual angle subtended by the final image to the eye is given by When the object of height h is placed at the near point and viewed unaided, the visual angle subtended by the object is given by Hence, the angular magnification is given by And since, the linear magnification is equal to the linear magnification of the objective x linear magnification of the eyepiece. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.4 Refracting Astronomical Telescope Refracting Astronomical Telescope consists of two converging lenses; one is an objective with long focal length and the other an eyepiece with short focal length. The objective L1 forms a real, diminished, inverted image I1, of a distant object at its principal focus Fo since the rays incident on L1 from a point on such an object can be assumed parallel. The eyepiece L2 acts as a magnifying glass and forms a magnified, virtual image of I1 and, when the telescope is in normal adjustment, this image is at infinity. I1 must, therefore, be at the principal focus F2 of L2, hence F0 and F2 coincide. http://images.tutorvista.com/content/optics/astronomical-telescope-magnifying-power.jpeg From the above figure, we find that The visual angle subtended by the object is given by and the visual angle subtended by the object is given by, where h is the image height. Therefore, the angular magnification is For telescope in normal adjustment, the separation of the two lenses is the sum of the focal lengths. And this, the foci of the objective lens and the eye-piece must be at the same place. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.5 Galilean Telescopehttp://www.transtutors.com/userfiles/image/ARUN/IMAGES/Gal.JPG Galilean Telescope consists of two lenses a converging objective of large focal length and a diverging eyepiece of small focal length The angular magnification is 5. Conclusion In this term paper, the concepts of geometric optics are included comprehensively such as law of reflection, refraction, formation of images in mirrors and lens, etc. The notion of a light ray and the scientific study of light are involved in a bid to illustrating the working principle of different mirror and optical instruments, such as various telescope, efficiently.

The Smoking Truth :: essays research papers

The Smoking Truth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three major stereotypes when it comes to people who smoke. The three stereotypes are; all smokers are unhealthy, all smokers can’t stop smoking because they are so addicted, and they all started smoking to fit in with the group. Growing up I can remember everybody telling not to smoke because it was bad for you, but I never understood why until I took notice to my dad. My dad smokes maybe a half a pack a day and his teeth and clothes show it. He is always out of breath and coughing up Phlegm but you just can’t judge all smokers by just one smoker. So I chose a specific group of smokers to observe them because they were the perfect group to prove or disprove the stereotype since they resembled many of the groups of smokers around the campus. On the balcony right beside my window is the perfect place for a group of smokers to socialize because there is a nice view of Morgantown and it’s not really in the open so they have some kind of privacy to talk about what ever they want. I watched a specific group of smokers who got together about five times a day to share stories and make plans for the night to come. This group consisted to two girls and three guys. The first guy always wear’s a white West Virginia University hat turned around backwards, looks as if he works out, about five foot eleven and usually has on a T-shirt and shorts. The second guy is what you would call chubby. He’s not really sloppy fat but he’s not skinny either. He has a couple of chins and a pretty hefty gut. Like the first guy he always a white West Virginia hat with a slightly different logo and he tip’s the hat up slightly so it looks as if a strong breeze could blow it off. The third guy is huge. I think he may p lay football because I see him wake up early every morning with his gym gear on walking down the street with the other football players. He usually wears a tight t-shirt to show off his bulging muscles and a pair of Kaki shorts. The first girl has blond hair and deep blue eyes. She likes to wear tight t-shirts and pants even though she isn’t the fittest girl.

1993 DBQ Essay

The three G’s: God, Gold and Glory led many explorers rushing in to the new world. Among which were New England and Chesapeake, two society of English origin. Each developed with their own distinct views and principals. New England a much disciplined, obedient society and Chesapeake much devoted to gold and glory, and both these societies were prodigiously influenced by geographical, social-political, economic and religious needs and moves. Which have had caused both these societies to evolve adversely through their own means. Economy was a crucial factor in leading New England and Chesapeake to develop incongruously.Chesapeake was vastly devoted to mining gold and exploiting for a better economy. Hence as according to document c almost all the Chesapeake settlers’ were young single men. Whereas New England had a much differentiated purpose in coming to the â€Å"New world†. The New England settlers’ came for religious freedom and creating a model city or society for the rest of the new comers, as supported by document a and b; â€Å"we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a new hill†. Thus for them to prosper and expand as an exemplary society, most the New England settlers were joint families.Both New England and Chesapeake settled and expanded in different parts of America. The land and climates in the Chesapeake and New England regions were different, so the societies grew crops which suited their area, which led to differences in their social structures. The Chesapeake area was swampy and not well suited for the typical crops; however, it was discovered 5 years after their arrival that tobacco grew very well, so the economy structured itself around the growth of tobacco. It was exported as a cash crop to England, and as a result, they had much better amends with their mother country.Also as a result of the growth of tobacco, the Chesapeake colony had a need for cheap labor to work in the fields. They developed a system of indentured slavery; in which a person got free passage to America in return for their work and slavery till the debt is paid off. This later led to slavery as in later time the population grew more demanding and the farms thus needing to expand. The New England colonies include Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The lifestyle of New England’s people was greatly impacted by both its geography and climate.New England’s economy depended on the environment. Its location near the Atlantic Ocean along the coastlines determined how people would make a living. People in New England made money through fishing, whaling, shipbuilding, trading in its port cities and providing naval supplies. People in New England could not make a living from farming because most of the land was not suited to farming due to the hilly terrain and rocky soil. Another factor that made farming non-profitable was climate; New England experienced moderate summers and cold long winters .The growing season was simply too short to make farming profitable, so most families had small farms and traded within themselves. Thus the climate and there geographical locations caused New England and Chesapeake to strive in different directions for a much suitable economy. Both Chesapeake and New England had very different purpose and point of views. New England arrived in America with their plans of becoming a â€Å"city upon a hill† (document A). Thus as New England wanted to construct a strong obedient society; they valued unity and had a sort of democratic government.New England lifestyles were very healthy, traditional, structured and family oriented. A woman married in her twenties, raised about eight children, and went on to become a grandmother. If widowed, they were expected to remarry. Men were expected to become part of a church congregation if they wanted to vote, become part of the clergy or work in the shipbuilding, fishing, or trading industry. Children we re forced to be educated, in primary and secondary schools, by the government, and men went to college to be trained in the ministry.The New England settlers viewed all men equal and with brotherly hood care and affection. They equipped ways of helping and fulfilling each others requirements and needs aslong as they remain united and together. (documents a and d). On the other hand Chesapeake life styles were the opposite of New England life styles. They were very non-traditional, unhealthy, unorganized, and family wasn’t important. . Government was made of a self-elected House of Burgesses and didn’t offer much equality or freedom. There was a shortage of women, which meant few families.Few families and the fact that people were spread thin across the region meant that there was very little unity amongst the few men that inhabited in the Chesapeake colonies. Thus this weak bonding amongst the men in the Chesapeake colonies often lead to miscommunication and many socia l conflicts like the Bacon’s rebellion. (document H) Bacon's Rebellion was popular revolt in colonial Virginia in 1676 which summed up the relationship amongst the people in the Chesapeake region. The rebellion was led by Nathaniel Bacon.High taxes, low prices for tobacco, and resentment against the governor, Sir William Berkley , provided the reasons for the uprising conflict, which was worsened by Berkeley's failure to defend the frontier against attacks by Native Americans. Bacon commanded two unauthorized but successful expeditions against the tribes and was then elected to the new house of burgesses. Bacon gathered his supporters, marched on Jamestown, and forced Berkley out of Jamestown and continued his campaigns against Native Americans.Bacon now controlled the colony, but he died suddenly (Oct., 1676), and without his leadership the rebellion collapsed. Unlike New England education in the Chesapeake region was more or less ignored, which summed to uneducated children and less studying or reading of the bible. Women often outlived men; therefore they held more power than in New England. The majorities of men were involved in the tobacco industry and owned slaves, until they died in their 20’s. Here you can see that the social political lives of these people were very different and thus this different point of views and lifestyle affected the way both Chesapeake and New England had developed.Last but not the least religion, was a crucial factor in the development of both these colonial societies. Migrants to Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were refugees from religious conflict in England. Calvinists of various persuasions, they wanted to escape Anglican persecution or they wished to â€Å"new-model† Christ's church as an example for Christians everywhere. In New England the lives of the Puritans were ruled by their strict religious beliefs. According to document e and prior knowledge, the puritans believed that free time should be de voted to God and that â€Å"fun† activities like dancing would lead to laziness and discourse.The New Englanders vastly seeked to work for god and make a living out of working for god, for the all mighty would reward them at the end of time. Puritans had a clear vision of what their churches should be like. Only â€Å"visible saints† and allowed full membership in the church. In the early seventeenth century, however, few were denied membership since leaving England was considered sufficient proof of spiritual purity. Puritans led their lives based on a group of strong beliefs, one of which was predestination.They felt that all events are foreknown and foreordained by God and that God chose who was saved and who was damned. This reinforced the Puritan belief that God sent them to cleanse the culture of what they regarded as corrupt, sinful practices. There was no concept of individual â€Å"rights† to things such as privacy or freedom of thought and expression. Those that did rebel against the says of the church were either killed or excommunicated. All individuals were expected to conform to the beliefs and practices of the community as defined by the elders.Because of their devotion to hard work the New England colonies flourished. Whereas Chesapeake on the other hand had no such definite religious views that they seeked for in singular. . Chesapeake primarily did not persecute people of different faiths, focusing more on their crops and disputes with the Natives. The Chesapeake brought along with them the Anglican religion or Protestants of England. Thus the religious similarities between the Chesapeake and England created a better bond among the Chesapeake colonies and its motherland.Maryland was the only colony under the Chesapeake society that provided a haven for all the persecuted Catholics from England. Thus taking in consideration the different aspects of beliefs, which has had caused these societies to develop differently. As yo u can see there were many reasons that had caused these societies to develop incongruously. From there religious beliefs, geographical setting, social norms and political views have all contributed in their different development process. Considering all these given facts and reasoning you can agree or asses why these societies had grown differently.

Problem Set

GENERAL BIOCHEMISTRY Problem Set No. 1 Answered by: Andrea Rose A. Fajardo of BSFT 2-1N 1. Calculate the pH of a dilute solution that contains a molar ratio of potassium acetate to acetic acid (pKa=4. 76) of: a. 2:1 pH = 4. 76 + log[2]/[1] = 4. 76 + 0. 3010 = 5. 06 b. 1:4 pH = 4. 76 + log[1]/[4] = 4. 76 + (-0. 6021) = 4. 16 c. 6:5 pH = 4. 76 + log[6]/[5] = 4. 76 + 0. 0792 = 4. 81 d. 2:3 pH = 4. 76 + log[2]/[3] = 4. 76 + (-0. 1761) = 4. 58 e. 9:1 pH = 4. 76 + log[9]/[1] = 4. 76 + 0. 9542 = 5. 71 2. A buffer contains 0. 01mol of lactic acid (pKa=3. 86) and 0. 05mol of sodium lactate per liter. a. What is the resulting pH of the buffer? H = 3. 86 + log[0. 05]/[0. 01] = 3. 86 + 0. 6990 = 4. 56 b. Calculate the change in pH when 5mL of 0. 5M HCl is added to 1L of buffer. 5mL of 0. 5 mol/L 5mL * 1L/1000mL = 0. 005L 0. 005L * 0. 5 mol/L = 0. 0025mol NaC3H5O3 = 0. 05mol – 0. 0025mol = 0. 0475 C3H5O3 = 0. 01mol – 0. 0025mol =0. 0075 pH = 3. 86 + log[0. 0475]/[0. 0075] = 3. 86 + 0. 8016 = 4. 66 †¢ 4. 55-4. 66 = 0. 11 is the change in pH c. What pH change would you expect if you added the same quantity of HCl to 1L of pure water? [H+] = (0. 0025mol)(1L) = 0. 0025M pH = -log 0. 0025 = 2. 60 3. The structure of the amino acid of isoleucine is given at the right. a. How many chiral centers does it have? 2 b. How many optic isomers? 4 c. Draw the perspective formulas for all the optical isomers of isoleucine. [pic] 4. A peptide has the sequence: Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly a. What is the charge of the molecules at pH 4 and 11? (Use pKa values of those in the ppt) |pH |NH3+ |Glu |His |Arg |COO- |Net Charge | |4 |+1 |-1 |0 |+1 |-1 |0 | |11 |0 |-1 |0 |+1 |-1 |-1 | . What is the pI for the peptide? | |pKaCOOH |pKaNH3 |pKaR | |Glu |2. 19 |9. 67 |4. 25 | |His |1. 82 |9. 17 |6. 04 | |Trp |2. 83 |9. 39 | | |Ser |2. 1 |9. 15 | | |Gly |2. 34 |9. 60 | | |Leu |2. 63 |9. 60 | | |Arg |2. 17 |9. 04 |12. 48 | |Pro |1. 99 |10. 60 | | |Gly |2. 4 |9. 60 | | 2. 34 6. 04 9. 67 12. 48 pI = 6. 04 + 9. 67 / 2 = 7. 85 5. Histidine has three ionisable functional groups. Write the equilibrium equations for its three ionizations and assign the proper pKa for each ionization. Draw the structure of histidine in each ionization state. What is the net charge of the histidin e molecules in each ionization state? STRUCTURE OF IONIZATION IN EACH IONIZATION STATE [pic] NET CHARGE Structure |Net Charge | |+H3N–CH–(RH+)–COOH |+2 | |+H3N–CH–(RH+)–COO- |+1 | |+H3N–CH–(R)–COO- |0 | |H2N–CH–(R)–COO- |-1 | ———————– -2 +1 +2 -1 0

Internet Addition Disorder--What a Tangled Web We Weave

Internet Addition DisorderWhat a Tangled Web We Weave Is It A Tangled Web We Weave?A Cincinnati mother was charged with child neglect when she locked her three toddler age children in their bedrooms for unusually long periods of time. The mother did not like to be disturbed while surfing the Internet. A Toledo family is penniless after the father gambled everything away at on-line gambling. (Center for On-line Addiction)Instead of picking up the phone to call a friend, an e-mail is sent or a chat room is utilized. Desires for new forms of communication or entertainment are fulfilled by looking for romance and friends in chat rooms. Playing cards, chess, auction bids or even shopping on the internet are becoming common place. With the growing importance of the Internet in everyday life, more people accessing various on-line resources each day.The World Wide Web is informative, convenient, resourceful, and fun. For some people, the addicted, these benefits are becoming detriments.The Goldbergs (Puzzle)Psychiatrist, Ivan Goldberg, M.D., co ined the term Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). Dr Goldberg defines IAD as, "a maladaptive pattern of Internet use, leading to clinically significant impairment and distress. The internet can be addicting, to the point that it interferes with daily life and those around them." Evidence in the area of addiction suggests that Internet Addiction Disorder is presenting problems that are becoming more common in society as on-line usage increases.(Goldberg)What is IAD? The American Psychiatric Association set the following criteria:1. Tolerance* A need for increased amounts of time on the Internet achieve satisfaction* Diminished effect with the same of amount of time on the Internet2. Withdrawal* Trembling and tremors with agitation* Anxiety and moodiness* Obsessive thinking about what is happening on the Internet* Fantasies or dreams about the Internet* Voluntary or involuntary typing movements...

The eNotes Blog A Murder at Pemberley P.D. James and her AusteniteMystery

A Murder at Pemberley P.D. James and her AusteniteMystery Renowned and prolific mystery writer P.D. James has done what very few authors would dare to do in a serious way: tread on the territory of her fellow British, and much beloved, author Jane Austen. Not since Anne Telscombes almost universally declaimed attempt to finish Austens last novel, Sanditon, has an author dared to mess with the English icon. Not only that, but James has taken as her own two of literatures most beloved characters, Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy from what is arguably Austens most popular work, Pride and Prejudice. Jamess new novel is Death Comes to Pemberley. Elizabeth and Darcy have been married for six years and have two young sons. All seems to be well, until a body is found in the woods of the estate. The author maintains that she tried very hard to remain faithful to both the characters and voice of Austen. Here is the opening paragraph of Death Comes to Pemberley: It was generally agreed by the female residents of Meryton that Mr. and Mrs. Bennet of Longbourn had been fortunate in the disposal in marriage of four of their five daughters. Meryton, a small market town in Hertfordshire, is not on the route of any tours of pleasure, having neither beauty of setting nor a distinguished history, while its only great house, Netherfield Park, although impressive, is not mentioned in books about the countys notable architecture. The town has an assembly room where dances are regularly held but no theatre, and the chief entertainment takes place in private houses where the boredom of dinner parties and whist tables, always with the same company, is relieved by gossip. You can see that James does try to set that tone from the beginning. As many readers know, this is the opening line of Austens Pride and Prejudice: It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. Whether readers will warm to this adaptation or not remains to be seen. Readers of other Austen take-offs, like the comical works Pride and Prejudice and Zombies or Sense and Sensibility and Sea Monsters,  certainly arent expecting much of an artistic homage. Will James be able to win over some of the harder cored Austenites? A smattering of authors have been able to pull off such a feat. One thinks of the recent novel March by Geraldine Brooks. Here, the main character, John March, returns home from the Civil War to the characters in Louisa May Alcotts classic Little Women. As popular and well-received critically as Brooks novel was, there were plenty of detractors. What do you think? Is it a good idea to carry on in the voice of another author?

[WATCH] How to use yoga principles to find your career path

[WATCH] How to use yoga principles to find your career path If you find yourself overwhelmed by your professional life, or even life in general, you’re not alone. Rebecca Foon, co-founder of the international climate change advocacy group, Pathway to Paris, sat down with Daily Fuel at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Â  There she discussed all she learned in her 20’s regarding the pressure we tend to put on ourselves for immediate results and immediate answers, and how self-destructive that approach can so often be.Listen to Rebecca share what she’s since learned; that taking a step back, and taking a deep breath, and letting life come to us and sort itself out can indeed be the pathway to fulfillment.Source: [DailyFuel]

Compare and contrast media coverage Research Paper

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Explain what's meant by Transaction Cost Economising. Also analyse Essay

Explain what's meant by Transaction Cost Economising. Also analyse between contributions made by Coase & Williamson - Essay Example For example, the searching cost (the energy and effort taken to find out the good), the cost of traveling for availing it, waiting time to get it and even the effort of paying it self are the costs incurred above and beyond the market price of that particular commodity. This ‘above’ and ‘beyond’ market price is the transaction cost. Now days, transaction cost is significant in each and every potential transaction. Transaction Cost Economics and Economizing The Transaction Cost Economics is the approach of analyzing the economic organization which considers transaction as the basic unit of analysis and it stresses that economizing the transaction cost is the central part of the analysis in the study of economic organizations. The cost of factors of production (resource inputs) , ie, land ,labor and capital, should be called as resource cost and for the better production, the resource cost should be the minimum. For enhancing the production and productivity, t he co-operation and investments in specialization are highly desirable. Co-operation between economic actors and investments in specialization are the major components of productivity enhancement. For achieving this co-operation and investment specialization, cost arises due to the inclination of self interested owners of inputs to shirk the commitments. The costs that incurred for the minimizing the shirking include: i) Searching cost incurred to identify the owners of the inputs (when, where and what type of the required good is available in the market with minimum price) ii) Negotiating or bargaining cost is the cost incurred for implanting an acceptable agreement between these two parties. In stock or asset market, it is the distance between ‘bid and ask’. It also includes the costs of any incentive given to minimize the shirking. iii) Monitoring cost and iv) Enforcement cost In spite of all these costs, residual loss from shirking may exist because of the inability of the above mechanisms to bring the shirking to zero in a complex and uncertain economy. Hence, the costs incurred to minimize the shirking plus the residual loss from shirking together constitute ‘transaction cost’(Hill, 1995). Contributions of Coase and Williams to the theory of Transaction Cost Economizing The origin of the theory of transaction cost economizing can be traced to a contributions of John R Common, 1932, Ronald H Coase 1937 and 1960, Friedrich Hayek, 1945, Herbert Simon, 1951, Chester Barnard, 1938, Philip Selznick , 1949 and Alfred Chandler, 1962. (Williamson, 1981). Among this series, the works of Ronald H Coase and Oliver Williamson are the real milestones. Coase laid the foundations of the Transaction Cost Approach while Williamson built a strong structure for the analysis. Both of them provide suitable and strong theoretical contributions to Transaction Cost Economics under the broad framework of Institutional Economics and they focus on how tran sactions have to be organized in order to economize the transactions. While describing the applications of transactional economics, it is assumed that different dimensions of transactions have to be identified and the alternative governance structure has to be described. Economizing of transactions can be achieved by discriminatory assignment of transactions to governance structures. The application of transaction cost approach lies both in the demarcation of efficient boundaries between firms and markets and in the governance

Write a letter protesting an injustice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Write a letter protesting an injustice - Essay Example ted the indiscriminate use of terror to ward off unwanted and defenseless residents, women and children alike, from a land conceived as a defender and a refuge of the oppressed. Back home, in a poor country in the south where I came from, life in America is everyone’s dream. It seems to be the only passport to a better and a more comfortable life. It seems to be the only place that holds the promise of a secure future, and the way out of poverty. I can still remember how my parents and the other elders in the family implanted in me the vision of living a prosperous life in America and set before me the mission to finish my studies and work in America. Later I discovered that the vision and mission America is not only for me, it is a common direction shared by most families hopeful of a good future for the entire family. Getting here was not easy, and for many of us who have been working here for years, reaching America cost our families some fortune, some relationships, some life. There are those who sell properties or parcel of land to finance travel expenses and the cost of living here while looking for an employer. There are those who left behind aging parents, spouses, young children, and siblings. There are those who risked their lives crossing borders in search of an asylum and escape from oppression or slavery. Most are wishfully hoping that after a time, with the green card or with favorable circumstances, all would be reunited and lived a good life in the land of the free. There is this dark side of couples and families separated for quite a long time. Such long separation created a vacuum, an emotional void making one vulnerable to temptation, to infidelity, and thus breaking up what used to be a strong and happy family. As this happened, the children suffer, and left behind to fend for themselves. The long period of separation disintegrated the family, the very basic unit of society. The hope of a bright future and the American dream suddenly

The Holocaust and the German People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Holocaust and the German People - Essay Example No one wants to believe or less admit that a civilized world would sit back and watch a Holocaust of such proportions and still do nothing. So many, even to this day, refuse to believe and continue to deny the facts; deny the truth and claim ignorance. The sad reality is the Holocaust did occur and sadder still is the fact that all saw what was happening and few had the courage to step forward and make any attempt to stop it or even say "This is wrong." "'The Holocaust' or 'Shoah' refers to the systematic annihilation of six million Jewish people by Germany's Nazi regime over the period January 30 1933 to May 8 1945." (Overview, undated) In examining the history of the world, there have always been instances of hate and persecution, not just against the Jewish people, but against many different groups of people. The Holocaust was, however, unique in that never before and never since had there been such a systematic attempt to anneliate an entire population of people by a sovereign nation. Although during the period the Jewish people were not the only group targeted for destruction by the Nazi regieme; the list also included "Gypsies, homosexuals, political dissidents and the intellectually and physically disabled" (Overview, undated); this period will always be remembered as the attempted decimation of the Jewish population. To fully examine what was known and understood by the German people during this period and in an attempt to understand how and why it occurred, we need to look to the past and first examine the era predating the Holocaust. Events do not occur independent of one another. Therefore, to see how this occurred, why it occurred, and why the German people and the world stood by, we first need to examine the culture of the period leading up to the Holocaust. Pre 1933 Jewish people have been living in Europe for over 2000 years. Throughout their history as a people, there had always been periods of persecution and hatred. "The place of Jews in the wider society of Europe had always been characterised as a kind of exile. Certainly Christian Europe saw the Jews in their midst as rebels against their 'true' religion, responsible for the death of Christ and generally as an evil presence." (Jewish Life, undated) There have been previous instances where the persecution of the Jewish people included being confined to ghettoes, wearing distinctive markings on their clothing and other forms of degradation commonly associated with the Holocaust; however, the scope and magnitude of that period had never come close in comparison. Prior to 1933, the Jewish people living in Germany had begun to feel increasingly that they were becoming a part of mainstream society. The post World War I era, saw a real integration of the Jewis

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project management - Essay Example It is usually, a temporary undertaking with specific goals in mind. It, thus, does not fall under the confines of normal business operations. As such, it is bounded by time, resources and the required results from the project. It, however, needs to be planned from the beginning to the end. A project is subjected to some certain constraints. These constraints range from time, personnel, money, equipment and the necessary facilities. The success of a project is hinged on the specific situation in which it has been employed. This stems from the fact that in some situations the concerned parties may be willing to sacrifice certain features for a hastened recovery. In dissimilar situations, parties may be willing to extend the respective timelines so as to build on quality results. The reality, however, is that rarely do projects run smoothly throughout its process. Research has shown that only about thirty four percent of projects are completed on time and on budget (Lock, 2007). Thus, each project that has been implemented has a significant probability of encountering snugs along the way to completion. For a project to be considered a success, it has to meet certain prerequisites. The project must meet its intended objectives and requirements. These are the reasons behind the formation of the project. Thus, it is imperative that it meets these objectives. In the event whereby some of the intended objectives and requirements are not met, it will necessitate a restructuring of the strategy that was employed as this forms the foundation of the project (Lock, 2007). In the event where this occurs, irrespective of the actualization of other factors of success, the project will still be deemed a failure. A project must operate within the confines of a pre-established budget. If it deviates from this budget the probability of failure significantly rises. The goal is to work within the constraints sourced from the budget and still met project goals, thus making the client happy. However, certain situations arise whereby, the set budget is not sufficient to cater for all the required features. The project management team has only two options to employ. It can either choose to ultimately increase the budget or it can decide to cut the scope of the project. Budget concern is the most vital. As such, the project management team must deliberate w ith the client on the features they are willing to sacrifice so as to stay within the allocated budget. This forms one of the reasons behind the rationale that effective project management is not an easy endeavour. The client might insist on the project meeting all the features in a situation where this is near impossible. To avoid such scenarios, it is imperative to iron out such details upfront before embarking on the project. A characteristic of any project is that it has three variables that can be adjusted throughout the process. These variables are the scope, the timing and the allocated budget. As such, it is important to find out from the client which of the variables are vital to them and which ones can be adjusted. Each project must strive to operate within the set timeline. This stems from the fact that it can result into havoc in the event where it is not appropriately managed. When a deadline has been established, the first question becomes whether it is a hard deadline or a soft deadline. A hard deadline does not necessarily indicate the complexities that will be encountered if the project is not complete by that time. Rather, it implies the nature of the deadline is such that, it has dependencies hinged on it. It is not impossible to alter but, it may eventuate in potentially embarrassing the client. In this

DEVELOPING A SHORT TERM STAFFING PLAN Case Study

DEVELOPING A SHORT TERM STAFFING PLAN - Case Study Example The main reason for this is that the company is not expanding or growing so the trainees opt to look for greener pastures and leave the company even before completing their training. The other issue is that the company’s software is very basic and not in line with the competition in the sector. This also contributes to the staffing problems currently facing the company. Thus, it is clear from the case study that the company needs to address the issue of critical shortage of staff. As such, this paper seeks to outline a solution that can be implemented in order to stabilise the situation within two months. A critical analysis of the data presented in the case study shows that it is imperative for the company to expand its workforce in order for it to improve its effectiveness. Among the options available in order to carry out this task in about two months, the most viable one is to contract with independent contractors. There are several benefits that can be derived from adopting this particular strategy. As such, this part of the paper seeks to highlight some of the benefits to the company as well as to provide justification why this option is regarded as the best among other alternatives available. Review of HR principles and applicability to the case ... Heneman & Judge (2006) define outsourcing as the process of contracting work to a vendor or third party administrator to perform the tasks mainly related to recruitment and staffing that could be done by the organisation itself. This entails that the functions of the human resources department in the company can be done by an outside company. These tasks include: seeking temporary employees, executive search, skills testing as well as assessing employee backgrounds among others (Kleynhans, 2006). Legally, companies can outsource the services related to recruitment and selection to the other companies as long as the task is carried out within the legal framework in a given country. In the case of Irontown Inc, the strategy of outsourcing the recruitment and staffing task to independent contractors has many advantages. For instance, the company will be in a position to concentrate on its core business while the above mentioned tasks are being performed by an experienced company. The ot her benefit that can be derived from adopting this particular strategy is that Irontown can reduce costs related to hiring and recruiting. According to (Heneman & Judge, 2006), the recruitment and selection process is usually longer and many organisations usually spend a fortune in recruiting and selecting the right candidates. In this particular case, it can be noted that the probationary training takes only two weeks and as noted, some trainees barely complete it hence the reason why this particular task should be outsourced to the third part. This significantly helps to lower the costs that are likely to be incurred by the company since the work will be done by the third part. The main advantage is that

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project management - Essay Example It is usually, a temporary undertaking with specific goals in mind. It, thus, does not fall under the confines of normal business operations. As such, it is bounded by time, resources and the required results from the project. It, however, needs to be planned from the beginning to the end. A project is subjected to some certain constraints. These constraints range from time, personnel, money, equipment and the necessary facilities. The success of a project is hinged on the specific situation in which it has been employed. This stems from the fact that in some situations the concerned parties may be willing to sacrifice certain features for a hastened recovery. In dissimilar situations, parties may be willing to extend the respective timelines so as to build on quality results. The reality, however, is that rarely do projects run smoothly throughout its process. Research has shown that only about thirty four percent of projects are completed on time and on budget (Lock, 2007). Thus, each project that has been implemented has a significant probability of encountering snugs along the way to completion. For a project to be considered a success, it has to meet certain prerequisites. The project must meet its intended objectives and requirements. These are the reasons behind the formation of the project. Thus, it is imperative that it meets these objectives. In the event whereby some of the intended objectives and requirements are not met, it will necessitate a restructuring of the strategy that was employed as this forms the foundation of the project (Lock, 2007). In the event where this occurs, irrespective of the actualization of other factors of success, the project will still be deemed a failure. A project must operate within the confines of a pre-established budget. If it deviates from this budget the probability of failure significantly rises. The goal is to work within the constraints sourced from the budget and still met project goals, thus making the client happy. However, certain situations arise whereby, the set budget is not sufficient to cater for all the required features. The project management team has only two options to employ. It can either choose to ultimately increase the budget or it can decide to cut the scope of the project. Budget concern is the most vital. As such, the project management team must deliberate w ith the client on the features they are willing to sacrifice so as to stay within the allocated budget. This forms one of the reasons behind the rationale that effective project management is not an easy endeavour. The client might insist on the project meeting all the features in a situation where this is near impossible. To avoid such scenarios, it is imperative to iron out such details upfront before embarking on the project. A characteristic of any project is that it has three variables that can be adjusted throughout the process. These variables are the scope, the timing and the allocated budget. As such, it is important to find out from the client which of the variables are vital to them and which ones can be adjusted. Each project must strive to operate within the set timeline. This stems from the fact that it can result into havoc in the event where it is not appropriately managed. When a deadline has been established, the first question becomes whether it is a hard deadline or a soft deadline. A hard deadline does not necessarily indicate the complexities that will be encountered if the project is not complete by that time. Rather, it implies the nature of the deadline is such that, it has dependencies hinged on it. It is not impossible to alter but, it may eventuate in potentially embarrassing the client. In this

Consumer's Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Responsible Tourism Literature review

Consumer's Attitudes and Behaviour Towards Responsible Tourism - Literature review Example An analysis will also be conducted into the opinions of tourism consumers in general to understand how the market has grown and is in a continual state of flux. The final section will cover how the market could be improved by identifying problems with the current responsible tourism market. This will help to paint a rich picture of how the consumer regards responsible tourism to allow providers to better understand their market and their customer. The Characteristics of a Responsible Tourist As responsible tourism encompasses a wide-range of tourist destinations beyond what is commonly perceived as eco-tourism, there are a wide variety of characteristics that can be said to be common to the responsible tourist. A responsible tourist will have to have some awareness of the sustainable nature of their holiday, whether that be on an economic or environmental level (Andereck, 2009). Recent studies have shown that 77% of consumers believe that tourism should have some focus on the environ mental level (Miller, 2003), meaning that the majority of tourists could be classified in this way. However, it should be stressed that this figure represents the intentions of the consumer rather than their actions, and there is a conceivable difference between the two (Miller, 2003). Those who have intentions of being a responsible tourist can, therefore, be said to represent the majority of the tourism industry but it is perhaps easier to classify the characteristics of the actual responsible tourist. These individuals are generally those who are ethical consumers in other areas of their life, with a great focus on the environmental impact of their purchases (Andereck, 2009). These people tend to be young adults with a significant amount of disposable income, with those interested being happier to spend more money to receive a socially responsible product (Miller, 2003). These individuals are generally more likely to be concerned with a number of factors that can be affected by t ourism, and seek a ‘guilt-free’ holiday (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2003). Many of these individuals have, or wish to, partake in a holiday in which they can get directly involved in the responsible tourism, rather than simply choosing hotels or airlines that behave responsibly (Pizan & Mansfeld, 2000). This can involve getting involved in projects in the third-world, or tree-planting initiatives. Perceptions and Attitudes of the Consumer towards Responsible Tourism The perceptions and attitudes of the consumer have changed in recent years from being considered an unnecessary expense to something worth spending money on (Reisinger & Turner, 2003). The perceptions of this type of tourism are now generally positive, with many consumers considering the impact of their tourism on the place that they stay and the environment in general (Miller et al, 2010). Many people now have concerns about consumerism, and the tourism industry is wise to offer this option as a solution. It shou ld be noted that some still consider that responsible tourism has not come far enough, with optional extras such as postcards and food purchases not being as extensively covered by the notion of responsible tourism as other areas (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2003). Others suggest that responsible

Logistics management and international logistics management

Logistics management and international logistics management The literature overview relates to the problem area occur when the penetration to foreign market presented in chapter one. Firstly, I will describe definition of logistics management and international logistics management. Second, I will thrash out the reason of a logistics management start international operations. Further, I will talk about theories regarding the market selection. Next, I will present the different types of channels of distribution and the process for choose a representative in the foreign market. Lastly, I will end this chapter with environmental of logistics. 2.1 LITERATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT Definition of logistics management and international logistics management Generally logistics refers to the inbound and outbound flow and storage of goods , services, and information within and between organisations (Gundlach et al, 2006). The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP), which is the pre-eminent professional organisation for academics and practitioners in the logistics field, formed in 1963, defined logistics management as that part of supply chain management that plans, implements and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods ,services, and related information between the point of origin and the the pont of consumption in order to meet customers requirements (see www.cscmp.org) This definition has resulted from numerous changes in the process to understand logistics (see Table 1). Table 1: The Development of Logistics Management (source) Period Development Prior to the 1980s Logistics was primarily concerned with the outbound flow of finished goods and services, with an emphasis on physical distribution and warehouse management. As a managerial activity, logistics focused on its role to support an organisations business strategy and to provide time and place utility. During the 1980s The industry globalisation and transportation deregulation led to the expansion of logistics beyond outbound flows to include recognition of materials management and physical distribution as important elements. In 1986, CLM (now CSCMP) defined logistics as the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost-effective flow and storage of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods, and related information flow from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements (see www.clm1.org). During the 1990s Logistics was defined as the process of strategically managing the procurement, movement and storage of materials, parts and finished inventory and related information flow through the organisation and its marketing channels. The definition was changed as a result of accelerated market changes due to shrinking product lifecycles, demand for customisation, responsiveness to demand, and increased reliance on information (Christopher, 1998). During the 2000s These years experienced further changes as to how logistics is defined. Development in international trade, supply chain management, technology and business process re-engineering generated a need to re-evaluate the logistics concept. As a result, in 2001, it was defined as that part of supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customer requirements. * Adapted from Gundlach, G.T.; Bolumole, Y.A.; Eltantawy, R.A. and Frankel, R., (2006), The Changing Landscape of Supply Chain Management, Marketing Channels of Distribution, Logistics and Purchasing, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, Vol.21/7, pp 428-438. The internationalization process of logistics is the best way that a supplier in one country are transferred procurement, transportation, storage, processing, collating, distribution, marketing and information are tied in and commodities to a demander in another country with the lowest cost and minimum risk, keeping goods quality, quantity and timely. The essence of Internationalization of logistics is the principle of collaboration with the international division of labors in accordance with international practice, the use of international logistics networks, logistics facilities and logistics technology and achieve global flows and exchange of goods and services to promote regional economic development and the optimal allocation of resources in the world (YANG 2003). 2.2 CHANGE AGENT A change agent is an event, organization, material thing or, more usually, a person that acts as a catalyst for change. In business terms, a change agent is a person chosen to bring about organizational change. Corporations often hire senior managers or even chief executives because of their ability to effect change. An internal change agent is usually a staff person who has expertise in the behavioral sciences and in the intervention technology of OD. 2.2.1Internal Change Agents Internal change agents will affect the organization from within. These are  individuals working for the organization who know something about its problems and has experience of improving situation in the same organization .The entry of new employee can view as the possibilities of prolonging the life cycle for a goods via internationalization. 2.2.2External Change Agents External change agents are those that have influence on the organizational from the outside. These are outside consultants who are temporary employed in the organization to remain engaged only for the duration of the change process. External change agents usually do not implement plans or take responsibility for decision making. Supporting change leaders and programming and project teams in negotiating the transition between the current state and the desired future state is the preoccupation of external change agent. External change agents facilitating, through coaching, mentoring and knowledge transfer, the development of new skills and behaviour in others. 2.3 Motives for foreign expansion There are many reasons for a company going expand to foreign country. Most of them are market related. The market related motivations to expand their business divided to proactive and reactive motivations. Proactive motives are motives that stimuli organizations to attempt strategy change, based on the firms interest in exploiting unique competences or market possibilities. Reactive motives are motives which the organization not influence over the threat or pressures and adjust passively to them by changing its activities over time. Czinkota Ronkainen indicate that proactive organizational go international because they want to, however, reactive organizational because they have to. Several disadvantages will occur when an organization operation in a foreign market compared to the domestic competitors. As a result, an organization must build some advantages to get established in the new market compared to the domestic market. 2.3.1 PROACTIVE MOTIVATIONS FOR LOGISTIC MANAGEMENTS Accordingly to Ross,1995, proactive motivations occurs when the enterprise make a decision to expand their operations into foreign markets. The proactive motivation are defined as Profit advantage Products Exclusive information Managerial urge Tax benefits Economies of scale Usually, an enterprise perceive that internationalization will provides a great opportunity of increasing profits, which also the most well-known reason for internationalization . An enterprise will produce a product or service ,which is not readily existing in foreign markets. The product or service may be very attractive on foreign market, due to technological advantages of the production process, which gives the enterprise gain a competitive advantage over the domestic enterprises.(Czinkota Ronkainen,1995) The next reason for export is that numerous enterprises realized the home market is too small and cannot afford to extend product at domestic market. Besides that, an enterprise may also acquired knowledge about the foreign market than other competitor which do not have. Thus, enterprise will initiate steps towards the internationalization process. Further, when an enterprise start to export, the domestic government may exploit the tax benefit to the enterprise. Lastly, an enter prise can obtain economies of scales as their advantage through export activities. The economies of scales means produce larger volumes then will diminish the cost per unit produced. 2.3.2 REACTIVE MOTIVATIONS FOR LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT When the domestic industry outlook is not attractive, the enterprise will try to penetrate foreign market, to decreased their resource commitments at domestic country. The reactive motivation are defined as: Competitive pressures Overproduction Declining domestic sales Saturated domestic market Excess capacity Relationships Unsolicited order The high competition on the domestic industry or overproduction during the economic decline, might affect the enterprises profitability. Thus, the enterprise try to seek new markets abroad. Declining domestic sales occur when a product reaching the declining stage of the product life cycle and a saturated domestic market will lead an enterprise to export their product to foreign market, in order to prolong the lifetime of a certain product. Additional, if the enterprise has excess capacity ,internationalization may aid the enterprise in reaching the desired production level in order to reduce the fix cost per unit produced.(CzinkotaRonkainen, 1995) .On top of that, some enterprise want to maintain or defend its position in a particular business network, therefore, they may be enforced to face internationalization process..Last but no least, the enterprise may fit into exporting sector because of the unsolicited order. 2.4 FOREIGN MARKET MODE OF ENTRY A foreign market mode of entry is a channel which enables the enterprises product, human skills, management, technology or other resources, to enter into a foreign country. The choice of market entry mode is a vital strategic decision for firms intending to carry out business overseas. A number of definitions of different modes of entry exist. Hedman (1993) classifies the modes of entry as indirect , direct and alternatives to export. However, Hedmans model does not assume joint venture as entry mode ,which other authors such as Jeannet Hennessey,1988;Root 1994b;Ross,1995 identify as an entry mode.Joint ventures will be presented under heading 2.4.3.4. Most models of foreign market mode of entry is due to limited resources , therefore ,enterprises initially penetrate a foreign market through indirect export methods. Indirect paths to internationalization are those whereby small firms are involved in exporting, sourcing or distribution agreements with intermediary companies who manage, on their behalf, the transaction, sale or service with overseas companies (Fletcher, 2004). Export intermediaries play an important middleman role in international trade, linking individuals and organizations that would otherwise not have been connected (Peng and York, 2001, 328). Small and new ventures use intermediaries toovercome knowledge gaps, find customers and reduce uncertainties and risks associated with operating in foreign markets (Terjesen et al., 2008) The mode of entry will switches to direct export such as agents, distributors, and sales branches, when the enterprise becomes more dynamic in international business. Direct export known as the producer will conduct the distribution activities to a foreign agent or importer or to the end customer directly Selecting the channel of distribution is a long-term strategic decision and need to build long-term relationships and the necessity of stimulating cooperation among distribution alliance partnersMehta et al., 2001 R. Mehta, T. Larsen, B. Rosenbloom, J. Mazur and P. Polsa, Leadership and cooperation in marketing channels: a comparative empirical analysis of the United States, Finland, and Poland, Int Mark Rev 18 (2001), pp. 633-666. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in S. Distribution channels defined as the external contractual groups that firms cooperation to accomplish their distribution objectives (Rosenbloom, 2004 B. Rosenbloom, Marketing channels: a management view, South-Western, Mason (OH) (2004).Rosenbloom 2004). The chosen channel will affect the enterprises effectiveness and efficiency for as long as it is operating (Doyle, 1994). As a result, the enterprise should plan a long-term strategy and evaluate the own enterprisess future economical abilities, before select distribu tion channel. 2.4.1 INDIRECT EXPORT Indirect export is a chain that connect with the exporting enterprise with a domestic middleman in the target foreign country and link to the end customer as a final point(Akhter,1996). Export intermediaries often help their clients to identify customers, financing and distribution infrastructure providers (Balabanis, 2000). Intermediaries also help firms in overcoming knowledge gaps of the local market , reduce uncertainties and risks associated with operating in foreign markets. Firms may hire export intermediaries because they perform certain functions related to exporting without large investments, with low start up costs and few risks better than the firm itself could. Firms may hire export intermediaries because they perform certain functions related to exporting better or at lower costs than the firm itself could, for example because they possess country-specific knowledge that the firm lacks (Li, 2004) . For this reason Peng and Ilinitch (1998) argue that manufacturers may be more likely to use intermediaries when entering foreign markets. Export intermediaries can also help firms to save costs associated with searching new customers and monitoring the enforcement of contracts (Peng and York, 2001) as well as to help access intermediaries contacts, experience and knowledge of foreign markets (Terjesen et al., 2008). According to Hedman (1993), indirect export may work in three ways: through a trading firm ,an export merchant and an export agent. 2.4.1.1 Trading firm An export trading firm is an alliance among a few local small and medium enterprise (SME) to export their product to a target country. They will do export as teamwork to developing and penetrating a target country rather than do it single-handedly. Those firms cooperate to reduce export costs and risks while can develop market research to find new export business opportunities Firms that team-up for exporting can negotiate favorable rates on transportation, insurance and other export services .However ,a trading firm is independent when it operate in a foreign market(Hoagland,1996) 2.4.1.2 Export through an export agent Export agent is buyers in foreign countries who will buy products from enterprise and sell it abroad in their country. The agent usually awards the lowest bidder with the order and sell it with receives commission as compensation for their effort. Normally, the payment for export agent is received almost immediately plus there is very little effort required to complete the sale. Therefore, the manufacturer can get access to a larger market with minimum cost and risk . The manufacturers reputation is the largest risk when the manufacturer choosing export agent in foreign market. The manufacturer absolutely looses their control of the export activities after they select an export agent to help them sell their product in foreign market. 2.4.1.3 Export through an export merchant An export merchant acts as a kind of international wholesaler (Ross,1995). An export merchant seeks out needs in foreign markets and negotiates with a manufacturer. After makes purchases from manufacturers, the goods are exported to the waiting buyer. After having the merchandise packed and marked to specifications, the export merchant resells the goods in its own name. The export merchant normally specializes in a particular line of products or in a particular geographical market area where they have been operating during a longer a longer period. Sometime it sells the goods with the original suppliers labels or puts its own label. 2.4.2 Direct export Direct export may be conducted in three ways: (1) directly to the final customer,(2) with the help of a representative or (3) through the exporting enterprises own establishment (Hedman, 1993). The enterprise will confront with higher investment risks when they conduct export their product through direct link to foreign country. On the other hand, the enterprise may gain potential profit margin and the cost for transaction between home country n host country will drop. 2.4.2.1 Export directly to the final customer When conduct direct export without going through an intermediary in the home country to develops an overseas channel so that it deals directly with a foreign party, the exporting enterprise takes hold of all exporting activities. Therefore, they have to conduct their marketing research, investigations, transportation and documentation (Young et al .,1989 ). The advantages of directly to final customers is active market exploitation and greater control to the transaction in the host country. On top of that, the channel also improves communication and consistency. However, it is a difficult channel to handle if the manufacturer is unfamiliar with the foreign market and causing time consuming and expensive. 2.4.2.2 Export through a representative Export through a representative have played a crucial role in the development of the internationalization process. A representative is an intermediaries in the foreign market which have their own market organization that separated from the exporting enterprise . The company can determine to adapt the quantity of the home-based sales representative travel abroad at certain times to take orders or find business. Those enterprise want to penetrate the foreign market but afraid of the risk can find an experienced intermediaries to help them start their operation in foreign country. This is because those intermediaries obtain the knowledge about the country and may efficiently locate the product to the final customer. Agent An export agent, is an intermediary or trading company that acts on behalf of a company to open up or develop a market in a foreign country. However, the agent does not take title to the products and gives the exporter to take part in the planning and monitoring of the marketing activities. Export agents usually paid a commission on all sales and may have exclusive rights in a particular geographic area. A good agent will know or get to know local market conditions, which the exporting enterprises lack. An agent just carrying out part of the operations on behalf of the exporter, the exporter owns the product until it is sold to the final customer. The exporter has responsible for the customers risks because of the agent does not do not handle the products .The role of the export agent is to evaluate the export potential of the local manufacturers products, advertise them abroad, look for foreign buyers, place orders with the manufacturer, or arrange for, the documentation, take care of shipments and insurance once a sale has been made. Distributor Distributor is a firm located in the foreign market that purchase goods, re-label them with their own name, brand or trademark and then sell them as their own products. Foreign distributors are the backbone for many export manufacturerBello, D.C. and Lohtia, R., 1995. Export channel design: the use of foreign distributors and agents. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 23 2, pp. 83-93 Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus. These export intermediaries possess crucial contacts with foreign buyers, strong local-market knowledge, and the ability to provide sophisticated marketing services. Distributors usually has a close relationship with the exporter and given the exclusive right to sell the product. They typically provide complementary services to their buyers, such as maintenance, parts sales, and technical assistance. On top of that, the distributor will assist the export enterprise by running processing orders, stock foreign inventories, grant buyer credit n delivery. Entering foreign market with using distributors is less risky and payment will get directly after transaction. This methods allow SMEs with limited resources to operate in major markets and companies with significant resources to offer their products and services in smaller markets. 2.4.2.3 Export through an own establishment Export through an own establishment usually is a company-owned export department for a enterprise sells their product directly to companies or final customers in the foreign market.The enterprise has full control over export activities such as the marketing and distribution of its goods and services, and coordinates research, distribution, sales, marketing, pricing, and legal. This department usually consists of an export sales manager with some clerical assistants. Export through an own establishment is an expensive way but very effective for enterprise to conduct their business in foreign market. Sales office An enterprise starting a sales office in a foreign market have to be establish new relationships in the foreign business network .Enter a foreign market with sales office is very costly n time consuming. This is because establish a sales office in foreign market required a high level of resources n effort into the market. , however, it is the best way to enterprise to obtain the knowledge of the local market. Branch A branch office established facilitate sales in the foreign market . They is an intermediary who selling products and providing support services to the manufacturers sales force .A sales branch allows the manufacturer to achieve greater presence and programme control in the foreign market. The role of sales branch handle sales is distribute product and managing warehouse and promotion. It often serves as a display centre and customer service centre in the foreign market. However, there are no manufacturing is done at this location. Subsidiary An export sales subsidiary basically removes the export function from the parent company and places the function in a separate wholly owned subsidiary. The export subsidiary purchases goods from the parent company, then resells it on their country. Export subsidiaries is able to add products from outside the parent company in order to round out its product line, and is able to separate out costs and expenses more efficiently than an internal department. On top of that, export subsidiaries can also develop into centre of excellence, controlling critical resources that other parts of the MNE depend upon Holm and Pedersen, 2000 U. Holm and T. Pedersen, The emergence and impact of MNC centres of excellence, A subsidiary perspective, Macmillan Press Ltd, Houndsmills (2000).. 2.4.3 Alternatives to export A lot enterprise realized the importance of expanding their business internationally. However, there are several obstacles to internationalization for firms in the developing world. One of these is a lack of information and knowledge about foreign markets. In such case, licensing or franchising might be the right choice (CzinkotaRonkainen, 1995). 2.4.3.1 License manufacturing Licensing is another easy way to for a manufacturer to involve in international marketing with a limited degree of risk. Licensing occurs when an enterprise within the foreign market, the licensee, make an agreement with the licensor who offering the right to use a manufacturing process, trademark rights, patent rights, or trade secret of value for a fee or royalty. The licensee will produce the licensors products and market these products in his assigned territory. After that, the licensee will pay the licensor royalties related to the sales volume of the products. The producing enterprise hereby escapes expensive toll and other trade barriers, exchange fluctuations, high transportation costs and political risks(Root,1987). The disadvantage of licensing is the firm has less control over the licensee than if it had set up its own production facilities. After few years, once the know-how is transferred, the foreign firm may begin to act on its own and the international firm may theref ore lose that market. Therefore, the licensor must establish a mutual advantage in working together, and a key to doing this is to remain innovative so that the licensee continues to depend on the licensor. 2.4.3.2 Franchising Franchising is an entrepreneurial activity that plays a crucial role in the creation of new jobs and economic developmentFalbe et al., 1998 C. Falbe, T. Dandridge and A. Kumar, The effect of organizational context on entrepreneurial strategies in franchising, Journal of Business Venturing 14 (1998), pp. 125-140.. In franchising, an exporting enterprise collaborates with a franchisee-entrepreneur to create economic value in a prescribed manner. The franchisee obtains the right to use franchisers, brand name, and marketing techniques to market goods or services. In return, the franchisee pays an up-front fee and ongoing royalties to the franchiser. Franchisees usually operate in local markets and communities, therefore, they can provide local knowledge to penetrate the foreign market. Thus, franchisees bring to the franchise system not just financial capital, but also a knowledge of geographic locations and labour markets, and their own managerial labour; that is they represent an effi cient bundled source of financial, managerial and information capital Dant, R.P. and Kaufmann, P.J., 2003. Structural and strategic dynamics in franchising. Journal of Retailing 79, pp. 63-75. Article | PDF (157 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (24) ( Dant, R.P. and Kaufmann, P.J., 2003. Structural and strategic dynamics in franchising. Journal of Retailing 79, pp. 63-75. Article | PDF (157 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (24)Dant and Kaufmann, 2003). The franchising tends to be more directly involved in the development and control of the marketing program. The main disadvantage of franchising is the level of the standardization of the product and service. Without a standardization there might be a risk of losing transferred know-how. (Hackett,1979) 2.4.3.3 Foreign direct investment(manufacture) Foreign market investment is the direct ownership of facilities in the foreign market. There are two ways for enterprise to enter foreign market through investment. The first option is make a direct acquisition or merger in the host market. The second option is develop its own facilities from the ground up. The reason that the firm invest in the foreign market may be the production in the foreign market is much cheaper . On top of that, the firm develops a deeper relationship with government , customers and local suppliers, so that make a better adaptation of its products to the local marketing environment.Glass and Saggi, 2002b A. Glass and K. Saggi, Licensing versus direct investment: implications for economic growth, Journal of International Economics 56 (2002), pp. 131-153. 2.4.3.4 Joint venture Joint venture is a contractual agreement between an international enterprise and foreign enterprise to execute a particular business. According to Fletcher and Brown (2004), joint venture is a second broad method of entering a foreign market to set up production and marketing facilities. in common with licensing. In joint ventures, the international firm has an equity position and a management voice in the foreign firm. Therefore, international firm better control over operations and also access to local market knowledge. The international firm has access to the network of relationships of the franchisee and is less exposed to the risk expropriation thanks to the partnership with the local firm. Previous studies (e.g., Blodgett (1992) L.L. Blodgett,Factors in the instability of international joint ventures: An event history analysis, Strategic Management Journal 13 (1992) (6), pp. 475-481. Full Text via CrossRefBlodgett, 1992; Geringer Hebert,1989; Merchant Schendel, 2000) have show n that equity ownership in a joint venture is an important determinant of its performance. This is because if the partner has different strategy than the international enterprise, it may lead to conflicting interests.